tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-185540982024-03-17T02:41:30.206-07:00Deus ArtefactaA Blog created by ECM to promote archaeology.Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.comBlogger339125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-4502541912048584862024-02-26T11:56:00.000-08:002024-03-07T07:09:34.699-08:00King David Inscriptions<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSaGvfXg9hx13LaSeyGg9x8HtAzhyphenhyphenHjz10TXrLsJfeDA30AtICPtHlgVcY2j998-XkXW6zOoDf1neFDV2473z0rM40GNDnYP8G7hSSLeY4esyfQMrWbPPn_1I-GyIG1RJgzC0DJcGZFldmgLsLoZiOH51WwnCORmPlO8YUuetM17BkFSSeMFTm/s2496/Tell%20Dan%20and%20Mesha%20Title.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1412" data-original-width="2496" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSaGvfXg9hx13LaSeyGg9x8HtAzhyphenhyphenHjz10TXrLsJfeDA30AtICPtHlgVcY2j998-XkXW6zOoDf1neFDV2473z0rM40GNDnYP8G7hSSLeY4esyfQMrWbPPn_1I-GyIG1RJgzC0DJcGZFldmgLsLoZiOH51WwnCORmPlO8YUuetM17BkFSSeMFTm/w400-h226/Tell%20Dan%20and%20Mesha%20Title.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />I have just completed my new documentary video on the King David inscriptions that becomes the basis for my podcast <span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jb2eRfMS_0" target="_blank">Evidence for King David Written in Stone</a> recorded on Feb 27, 2024.</span></span></span></span><p></p><p> Welcome to our video on the David inscriptions, a collection of ancient texts that provide fascinating insight into the history of the biblical figure, King David. These inscriptions include the Mesha Stele, the Tel Dan Inscription, and the Shosheq I inscription, which have all been discovered in different parts of the Near East. Through these inscriptions, we are able to piece together a more complete picture of the reign of King David and the events that surrounded it. So, join us as we delve into the world of ancient inscriptions and uncover the secrets of David’s legacy.</p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Video Introduction <br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="rumble" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://rumble.com/embed/v4d9fzz/?pub=17mp4x" width="640"></iframe>
</h4><h3 style="text-align: left;"> Associated Links <br /></h3><p class="HBNormal1st"><a href="https://biblicalarchaeologygraves.blogspot.com/2014/12/bonus-37-tel-dan-stele.html" target="_blank">Tel Dan Stele Post</a> </p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd"><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2016/02/dan.html" target="_blank">Site of Tel Dan Post</a><br /></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd"><a href="https://biblicalarchaeologygraves.blogspot.com/2014/12/bonus-36-mesha-stele.html" target="_blank">The Mesha Stele Bonus 37 Post</a></p><p class="HBNormal2nd"><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-mesha-stele.html" target="_blank">The Mesha Stele Post</a><br /></p><a href="https://biblicalarchaeologygraves.blogspot.com/2014/12/bonus-33-shishak-i-inscription.html" target="_blank">Shishak I Inscription Post</a><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""> _________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2024/02/bible-interact-podcasts-links.html" target="_blank">List of Podcasts and videos </a><br /><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated March, 2024 Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-87337238404313355302024-02-18T08:26:00.000-08:002024-03-17T02:40:58.508-07:00Bible Interact Podcasts Links<h1 style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://bibleinteract.com/" target="_blank">BIBLE INTERACT</a> PODCASTS and my Videos<br /></h1><h3 style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZJRBbaSZmc1XmMMFQCmuOoV0L1Mn5dccRkFDlu6RcDRMdrUGk_9PB7bzKG9TAJcXisFbJUCN6EvofZ2Sch945YdemMIDvaXH3TDpNW-P-RLO7f80B_u8u-mbjAXzxybQysF4lgKGrQ1J0SxL-snrCNQahYsiQJx13U32YsSiM0p_yjFGQk81m/s1920/Dr%20Graves.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZJRBbaSZmc1XmMMFQCmuOoV0L1Mn5dccRkFDlu6RcDRMdrUGk_9PB7bzKG9TAJcXisFbJUCN6EvofZ2Sch945YdemMIDvaXH3TDpNW-P-RLO7f80B_u8u-mbjAXzxybQysF4lgKGrQ1J0SxL-snrCNQahYsiQJx13U32YsSiM0p_yjFGQk81m/w400-h225/Dr%20Graves.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Video Introduction</h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"> <br /></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="rumble" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://rumble.com/embed/v3v9ojy/?pub=17mp4x" width="640"></iframe> </h3><h3 style="text-align: left;">For The ECM background Video see <a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">Video 01</a> </h3><div style="text-align: left;">Welcome to Archaeology from the Ground Down, a podcast hosted by George Sparks of Bible Interact Podcasts. I have been interviewed on several of these podcasts, and I am excited to share with you the fascinating world of archaeology and its connection to the Bible.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />As an archaeologist and professor, I have spent my career studying ancient civilizations and digging deep into the ground to uncover their stories. And through my work, I have come to see the undeniable link between archaeology and the Bible.<br /><br />In these podcasts, we will explore the rich history and culture of the biblical world through the lens of archaeology. We will take you on a journey through the ancient ruins, artifacts, and discoveries that bring the stories of the Bible to life.<br /><br />We will delve into the latest archaeological findings and discuss how they shed light on the biblical narratives, characters, and events. Dr. Graves as an experts in the field of archaeology will explain the intersection of archaeology and the Bible.<br /><br />Whether you are a history buff, a curious learner, or a devout believer, this podcast is for you. Our goal is to provide a deeper understanding and appreciation of the Bible and its historical context through the lens of archaeology.<br /><br />So, join us on this adventure as we dig down into the past and unearth the treasures that reveal the power and relevance of the Bible in our lives today.</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;"><b>NOTE</b></span>: While all these episodes have been recorded, as yet not all have been edited and posted online. I will provide links as soon as they are available.</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><h2 style="text-align: left;">ARCHAEOLOGY FROM THE GROUND DOWN <br /></h2><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koZpMEjDljs" target="_blank">TOP 10 OT DISCOVERIES PART 1</a></li><ul><li> <br /></li></ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMuFb87nxCU" target="_blank">TOP 10 OT DISCOVERIES PART 2</a></li><ul><li><i>The Archaeology of the OT </i><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xuyb4-007-the-archaeology-of-the-old-testament.html" target="_blank">Video 07</a><i> <br /></i></li><li><i>Cultural Background of the OT</i> Book <a href="https://rumble.com/v3g0e0c-010-the-cultural-background-of-the-old-testament.html" target="_blank">Video 10</a></li></ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koZpMEjDljs" target="_blank">TOP 10 NT DISCOVERIES PART 1</a></li><ol><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koZpMEjDljs" target="_blank">YouTube Video</a><br /></li></ol><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nT93f27ARrQ" target="_blank">TOP 10 NT DISCOVERIES PART2</a><br /></li><ul><li><i> </i><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nT93f27ARrQ" target="_blank">YouTube Video</a></li><li><i>The Archaeology of the NT </i><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xu5gs-008-the-archaeology-of-the-new-testament.html" target="_blank">Video<i> </i>08<i><br /></i></a></li><li><i>Cultural Background of the NT</i> Book <a href="https://rumble.com/v3gnpek-011-the-cultural-background-of-the-new-testament.html" target="_blank">Video 11</a><br /></li></ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">MOUNT ARARAT EXPEDITION Jan 2024</span></span></span></span></li><ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""> <a href="https://rumble.com/v46xatf-022-exploring-mount-ararat.html" target="_blank">Exploring Mount Ararat Video 22</a></span></span></span></span></li></ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcWWSQ2Rz4Q" target="_blank">CREATION EPICS: The Flood Before Noah</a> Jan 30, 2024</li><ul><li><a href="https://rumble.com/v49fdk6-024-unveiling-mesopotamian-creation-and-flood-epics.html" target="_blank">Unveiling Mesopotamian Creation and Flood Epics Video 24</a></li></ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-S_bvO9GQ6g" target="_blank">PONTIUS PILATE INSCRIPTION AND RING</a> Feb 1, 2024</span></span></span></span></li><ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_519830894">Uncovering the Pilate Inscription and Ring Video 25</a></span></span></span></span></li></ul><ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://rumble.com/v3nijds-004-the-archaeology-of-biblical-people.html" target="_blank"><i>The Archaeology of Biblical People </i>Book Video 04</a></span></span></span></span></li></ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsxjBQvgJkE" target="_blank"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">OSSUARIES: </span></span></span></span><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">Did Archaeologists Discover the Tomb of Caiaphas?</span></span></span></span></a><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""> Feb 8, 2024</span></span></span></span></li><ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://rumble.com/v4b4amc-026-biblical-burial-practices.html">Biblical Burial Practices Video 26</a></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://rumble.com/v4eohnt-027-famous-biblical-ossuaries.html" target="_blank">Famous Biblical Ossuaries Video 27</a> <br /></span></span></span></span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><a href="https://bibleinteract.com/?p=17332" target="_blank">THREE AMAZING MANUSCRIPTS: Silver and Copper Scrolls</a> Feb 15, 2024</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2024/01/three-amazing-manuscripts-video.html" target="_blank">Blog Post</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><a href="https://rumble.com/v47y8gi-023-three-amazing-manuscripts.html" target="_blank">Three Amazing Manuscripts Video 27</a></span></li></ul><li><a href="https://bibleinteract.com/?p=17595" target="_blank">EXCAVATION OF KING DAVID’S PALACE</a></li><ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWOALczqFmo" target="_blank">YouTube</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://rumble.com/v4d96fu-028-city-of-david-excavations.html" target="_blank">City of David Excavations Video 28</a></li></ul><li>SODOM AND GOMORRAH </li><ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_519830959"><i>The Location of Sodom</i> Book Video 12</a></span></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><a href="https://bibleinteract.com/?p=16341" target="_blank">THE SEARCH FOR SODOM AND GOMORRAH PART 1</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><a href="https://bibleinteract.com/?p=16343" target="_blank">THE SEARCH FOR SODOM AND GOMORRAH PART2</a></span></li></ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">SODOM AND SALT<br /></span></span></span></span></li><ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://bibleinteract.com/?p=16341" target="_blank">SODOM AND SALT Part 1</a> Sept 2023</span></span></span></span><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""> </span></span></span></span></li></ul><ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://bibleinteract.com/?p=16343" target="_blank">SODOM AND SALT Part 2</a> Sept 2023</span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://rumble.com/v3g3knu-006-sodom-and-salt-in-their-ancient-near-eastern-cultural-context.html" target="_blank">Sodom and Salt in the ANE Cultural Context Video 06</a> </span></span></span></span></li></ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">THE EXCAVATION OF LIVIAS</span></span></span></span></li><ul><li><a href="https://rumble.com/v3wavp4-016-neas-nov-2023.html" target="_blank"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">NEAS Livias Presentation</span></span></span></span><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""> Video 16</span></span></span></span></a></li><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><i>The Cities of the NT World</i> <a href="https://rumble.com/v3n9iqg-003-the-cities-of-the-new-testament-world.html" target="_blank">Video 03</a> </span></span></span></span></li></ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://bibleinteract.com/?p=17635" target="_blank">GOLGOTHA AND BURIAL SITE OF JESUS</a>, Feb 2 2024</span></span></span></span></li><ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfP8Ju1gOvQ" target="_blank">YouTube</a></span></span></span></span></li></ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://bibleinteract.com/?p=17639" target="_blank">SEARCH FOR THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS</a></span></span></span></span></li><ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://rumble.com/v3fpn16-introduction-to-the-book-digging-up-the-bible.html" target="_blank">Digging Up the Bible Video</a></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="Search for the Dead Sea Scrolls" target="_blank">YouTube</a> <br /></span></span></span></span></li></ul><ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="goog_2100071290">Cave 53 or the 12th Dead Sea Cave Video 13</a><a href="https://rumble.com/v3ro344-013-dead-sea-scroll-cave-53.html" target="_blank"><br /></a></span></span></span></span></li></ul><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">SEVEN CHURCHES</span></span></span></span></li><ol><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><i>Jesus Speaks to Seven of His Churches</i> Introduction <a href="https://rumble.com/v3g3d56-005-jesus-speaks-to-seven-of-his-churches.html" target="_blank">video 05 </a></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">Ephesus and Artemis <a href="https://rumble.com/v3ua4yj-015-ephesus-and-artemis.html" target="_blank">Video 15</a></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">Smyrna and 666 <a href="https://rumble.com/v3sws6m-014-smyrna-7-churches-and-local-references.html" target="_blank">Video 14</a></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">Pergamum and the throne of Satan <a href="https://rumble.com/v3xsina-017-pergamum-and-the-throne-of-satan.html" target="_blank">Video 17</a></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">Thyatira and Purple dyers <a href="https://rumble.com/v3z4pcg-018-thyatira-and-the-seller-of-purple-cloth.html" target="_blank">Video 18</a></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">Sardis and Jewish Synagogue <a href="https://rumble.com/v3ztwry-019-sardis-and-its-synagogue.html" target="_blank">Video 19</a></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">Philadelphia and a New Name <a href="https://rumble.com/v416925-020-philadelphia-and-their-new-name.html" target="_blank">Video 20</a></span></span></span></span></li><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">Laodicea and Lukewarm Beverages <a href="https://rumble.com/v41rdaw-021-laodicea-but-not-lukewarm.html" target="_blank">Video 21</a></span></span></span></span></li></ol><li><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jb2eRfMS_0" target="_blank">Evidence for King David Written in Stone</a> Feb 27, 2024<br /></span></span></span></span></li><ul><li><a href="https://rumble.com/v4fupk2-029-mesha-and-tel-dan-stelae.html" target="_blank">Mesha and Tel Dan Inscription Video 29</a></li></ul><li>Special Interview: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJQ6aYdgcE4" target="_blank">Even the Romans liked Tall el-Hammam</a></li><li>The debated Nazareth Inscription. Is it about the Resurrection? March 18, 2024<br /></li></ol><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span> <br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated March, 2024 <p><br /><br /></p>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-33929040149918058952024-02-13T06:24:00.000-08:002024-02-18T09:01:06.659-08:00028 City of David Excavations<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtpfx6H6Y19vnVb4VX1re54FEw9giuuLthypyERFY3DmfyrKea4s3L4LG1-LrrUl3Lk_YrGVDtAG0bijVtA5hd-0f9x2eC8sq_OkTtlPjcoIVAbNcqRq3rniFlXTMY43KyPoePkjLCnAibQMmKOhpunznpOc35NK14TdRS3Y57MQmGfl-3ZSCf/s2495/City%20of%20David%20Title.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1405" data-original-width="2495" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtpfx6H6Y19vnVb4VX1re54FEw9giuuLthypyERFY3DmfyrKea4s3L4LG1-LrrUl3Lk_YrGVDtAG0bijVtA5hd-0f9x2eC8sq_OkTtlPjcoIVAbNcqRq3rniFlXTMY43KyPoePkjLCnAibQMmKOhpunznpOc35NK14TdRS3Y57MQmGfl-3ZSCf/w400-h225/City%20of%20David%20Title.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">VIDEO Introduction<br /></h2>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="rumble" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://rumble.com/embed/v4anwcl/?pub=17mp4x" width="640"></iframe>
<p> </p><p>Welcome to the City of David, one of the most fascinating and historically significant archaeological sites in Jerusalem. Located just outside the walls of the Old City, this ancient city was once the heart of Jerusalem, and home to some of the most influential figures in biblical history. Through ongoing excavations, the City of David has revealed many secrets and mysteries, including the remains of a grand palace belonging to King David himself. In this blog, we will take a closer look at some of the most exciting discoveries in the City of David, including the house of Achiel, the stone step structure identified with the biblical Millo, the Large stone structure identified by Eilet Mazar in 2005 as the palace of David, and the Ophel just outside the southern wall of the temple mount in Jerusalem. Join us as we delve into the rich history and uncover the hidden treasures of this remarkable ancient city.</p><p>The City of David Excavations in Jerusalem have been a source of fascination and controversy since they began in the late 19th century. The site, located just south of the Temple Mount, is believed to be the original location of the ancient city of Jerusalem and has been the focus of numerous archaeological expeditions.</p><h2 style="text-align: left;">The Stepped Stone Structure or Millo<br /></h2><p></p><p>One of the earliest and most significant excavations at the City of David was conducted by Irish archaeologists archaeologists such as J. Garrow Duncan and Stewart MacAlister from 1923 to 1925. One of the most renowned of these was led by British archaeologist Kathleen M. Kenyon, who extensively excavated the city between 1961 and 1967. Her research shed new light on the ancient city and its inhabitants (Kenyon, <i>Digging Up Jerusalem</i>).<br /><br />Another important figure in the study of Jerusalem's past is Israeli archaeologist Yigal Shiloh from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Between 1978 and 1985, Shiloh conducted an extensive project which included further excavation of the Stepped Stone Structure. His findings provided valuable insight into the structure and its significance (Shiloh, Excavations, 15-21).<br /><br />In more recent years, the Stepped Stone Structure has continued to capture the attention of archaeologists. In 2005, Israeli archaeologist Eilat Mazar uncovered the remains of the 'Large Stone Structure' on top of and slightly west of the Stepped Stone Structure. This discovery was made during excavations carried out on behalf of the Shalem Center and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and provided even more evidence of the city's ancient past (Mazar, Preliminary Report, 52-66).<br /><br />Today, the Stepped Stone Structure remains intact at its impressive height of 59 feet (18 m) and can be seen at the City of David Archaeological Park. Thanks to the efforts of these dedicated archaeologists, the history of Jerusalem continues to be revealed and preserved for future generations to appreciate.</p><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeKYrdml7K3dwIGZrvXWgtQwakdPsjOZpLrPYduYMax7hCI8P7PrFl2-NiiuScHP0JDcVws59HDIMJELYR3Z__VMPB5pMaBY61Wf95-L445ciWxv3dB4irlCAc8wEv_hYWMmWtfU8PKKeJTYsKgYeXH1Y-v0BpO8diOjwd4NxXeDK8CSRBzOw2/s2495/City%20of%20David%20House%20of%20Ahiel2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1405" data-original-width="2495" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeKYrdml7K3dwIGZrvXWgtQwakdPsjOZpLrPYduYMax7hCI8P7PrFl2-NiiuScHP0JDcVws59HDIMJELYR3Z__VMPB5pMaBY61Wf95-L445ciWxv3dB4irlCAc8wEv_hYWMmWtfU8PKKeJTYsKgYeXH1Y-v0BpO8diOjwd4NxXeDK8CSRBzOw2/w400-h225/City%20of%20David%20House%20of%20Ahiel2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">City of David Excavation<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />House of Achiel</h2><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;">Next, we will be exploring the House of Achiel, a fascinating site that offers a glimpse into the daily lives of the people who lived in this city thousands of years ago. The remains of a large four room house (8mX8m) and
well-preserved Israelite house dating back to the 8th century BC. Located at the bottom of the Millo of the ancient city, this house has been carefully excavated to uncover its secrets and shed light on the culture and customs of its inhabitants. The name is derived from two ostracon with the name of Achiel located during the excavations. Also the remains of a toilet were recovered. Three other toilets were recovered around the house during excavations.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Welcome to the House of Achiel, a remarkable archaeological site that provides a window into the past. This site offers a unique opportunity to explore the daily lives of the people who once inhabited this city thousands of years ago.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;">Four Room House (Israelite)</h3>The House of Achiel is an Israelite house that dates back to the 8th century BC. It is a large four-room house, measuring 8m by 8m, and is situated at the bottom of the Millo, an ancient Jebusite structure. Excavations at the site have revealed well-preserved remains, providing valuable insights into the culture and customs of its inhabitants.<br /><br />The house gets its name from two ostracon, or pieces of pottery, that were found during excavations with the name Achiel inscribed on them. This name gives us a glimpse into the identity of one of the inhabitants of the house, possibly the owner or a family member. It is interesting to note that during this time period, it was common for people to have personal names, unlike earlier periods where people were often referred to by their profession or family relationship.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><h3 style="text-align: left;">Toilets</h3>One of the most fascinating discoveries at the House of Achiel is the remains of a toilet. This is a significant find as it provides evidence of the daily hygiene practices of the people who lived here. The toilet was carefully excavated and studied, revealing a sophisticated system that used water to flush waste away. This is an early example of advanced plumbing technology, further highlighting the advanced civilization that existed in this ancient city.<br /><br />But the House of Achiel is not the only place where toilets were found. Archaeologists also uncovered three other toilets in the vicinity of the house, suggesting that this was a common feature in the homes of this time period. This also highlights the importance of sanitation and hygiene in the daily lives of the people living in this city.<br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Significance</h3><div style="text-align: left;">House of Achiel is a significant archaeological site that sheds light on the daily lives of the people who once lived in ancient Jerusalem. Through the careful excavation and study of this house, we have gained valuable insights into their culture, customs, and technological advancements. It is a reminder that even thousands of years ago, people were living and thriving in this city, leaving behind a rich and fascinating history for us to uncover and explore.<br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWpnj9j8e6_rIxMulvVNKZYhw1cp9CrOJ8vvpTJuLp8FMJ4mDq6Wd2G0Ul3k1r9V0h2jwtw9iO61L1o4_e4k80acV8pq-_Au6W21WIQVDnQh-Z4FCOcDr0_t0gE84L0xS5eEW0iPOfAQMLIKIyQ4fauc0w8JCuTvKKpMKtPi1h8nOgg0jikXV9/s2495/City%20of%20David%20Large%20Stone%20Structure.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1405" data-original-width="2495" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWpnj9j8e6_rIxMulvVNKZYhw1cp9CrOJ8vvpTJuLp8FMJ4mDq6Wd2G0Ul3k1r9V0h2jwtw9iO61L1o4_e4k80acV8pq-_Au6W21WIQVDnQh-Z4FCOcDr0_t0gE84L0xS5eEW0iPOfAQMLIKIyQ4fauc0w8JCuTvKKpMKtPi1h8nOgg0jikXV9/s320/City%20of%20David%20Large%20Stone%20Structure.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Large Stone Structure 2009<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Large stone structure (palace of David) </h2><div style="text-align: left;">On top of the Millo above the house of Achiel was a large stone structure. In 2005, archaeologist Eilet Mazar uncovered a large stone structure, which
she identified as the Palace of David. This discovery caused a great deal
of controversy, as many scholars doubted that the structure was indeed
the palace of the biblical King David. <br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCDFAiHbUHDHQnuHFqJQtwXiYF4z4x-15tSD4Wdh_31oJoHzH-YE4P4hyhvoTf1-UdQAOrv0fTH_2yxtEEpTXVz9zbq7SuVBVQIl6R1mwqoqzwJgPzhuVw_j5iKE8usPlP3dY5qMyRUkPKDpVlljpMbVKAV0uvxdxkNLuczi4BrwXu6UB8M2pL/s2495/City%20of%20David%20Excavations%20Yigal%20Shiloh2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1405" data-original-width="2495" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCDFAiHbUHDHQnuHFqJQtwXiYF4z4x-15tSD4Wdh_31oJoHzH-YE4P4hyhvoTf1-UdQAOrv0fTH_2yxtEEpTXVz9zbq7SuVBVQIl6R1mwqoqzwJgPzhuVw_j5iKE8usPlP3dY5qMyRUkPKDpVlljpMbVKAV0uvxdxkNLuczi4BrwXu6UB8M2pL/s320/City%20of%20David%20Excavations%20Yigal%20Shiloh2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">City of David Excavations 2023<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Ophel</h2><p>In 1968, Israeli
archaeologist Yigal Shiloh began excavations in the area known as the
Ophel, located just south of the Temple Mount. This area, previously
untouched by previous excavations, yielded numerous significant
discoveries. <br /><br />In the following decades, excavations at the City of David continued, revealing a wealth of artifacts and structures that provided insight into the ancient history of Jerusalem. In 2005, a team of archaeologists uncovered a large stone structure, measuring over 100 feet long and 50 feet wide, which is believed to have been a royal palace during the time of King David.<br /><br />Today, the City of David Excavations continue to be a major site for archaeological research and discovery. Recent excavations have unearthed a wealth of artifacts, including pottery, jewelry, and weapons, shedding further light on the ancient city and its inhabitants. The site also attracts thousands of visitors each year, providing them with a unique opportunity to walk through the ancient streets of Jerusalem and experience its rich history firsthand.</p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <p> </p>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-91180159505383674102024-02-02T13:06:00.000-08:002024-02-20T14:27:59.095-08:00027 Famous Biblical Ossuaries<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="HBNormal2nd"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEy2gYdFxWmMJFZl-NiCn07CDwfRz5UpWNADkEevTMkdF7g2CW85syUMHx1-OLZmdztP6IVqkPC3mBRoea06wHYlnTadSw8Hc4fBIuuH5aeRyj11Ll-o1bKb9rkcEm-T940STI0Ssmh5XcZiWGPZOSjTu_lU5F9XdRzruVzT8bewaaMxgLRomM/s2496/Ossuaries%20Title.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1412" data-original-width="2496" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEy2gYdFxWmMJFZl-NiCn07CDwfRz5UpWNADkEevTMkdF7g2CW85syUMHx1-OLZmdztP6IVqkPC3mBRoea06wHYlnTadSw8Hc4fBIuuH5aeRyj11Ll-o1bKb9rkcEm-T940STI0Ssmh5XcZiWGPZOSjTu_lU5F9XdRzruVzT8bewaaMxgLRomM/w400-h226/Ossuaries%20Title.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />Welcome to our documentary on famous ossuaries with
biblical names. In this video, we will explore the history and significance of
these unique burial chambers, which are adorned with names and symbols from the
Bible. From Jerusalem's Dominus Flevit Church to the Talpiot Tomb and the Peace
Forest Chamber, these ossuaries provide a fascinating glimpse into the cultures
and beliefs of the past. Join us as we uncover the stories behind these ancient
tombs and their connection to biblical figures.<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span><p></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Video on Biblical Burial Practices</h2>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="rumble" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://rumble.com/embed/v48izt9/?pub=17mp4x" width="640"></iframe>
<p>In preparation for my podcast on the famous ossuaries in Israel, I prepared this video documentary on biblical burial practices in the first century. I published the substance of this material in the <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/01/harvest-handbook-of-bible-lands-released.html" target="_blank">Harvest Handbook of Bible Lands: A Panoramic Survey of the History, Geography, and Culture of the Scriptures in 2020</a>.</p><p>In the Mediterranean climate, bodies decomposed quickly and were therefore washed, wrapped in a shroud, and treated with spices and perfume to control the odour of decay. This is evident in the biblical accounts of the burial of Jesus (Matt 27:59; Luke 23:53; John 11:44; 19:40; Acts 5:6; 9:37). Women also went to the tomb to anoint Jesus' body with spices (Luke 24:1). While the Egyptians embalmed their dead and the Romans and Greeks cremated theirs, the Jewish burial practices during the Second Temple period were different. The body was first placed in a cave for about one year for the flesh to decompose, and then the bones were collected and placed in ossuaries. This two-stage practice was popular during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Crucified criminals were not given places of honor for burial and there was to be no mourning for them. However, in fulfillment of Scripture (Isa 53:9), Jesus' body was treated with respect and buried with the wealthy, part of his exaltation. </p><p>In 1941, Israeli archaeologists found a tomb in the Kidron valley near
Jerusalem dating back to the 1st century AD. Inside were 11 ossuaries,
or bone boxes, with 12 names and 15 inscriptions. These were stored in
an Israeli storeroom for 60 years. Some of the names on the ossuaries
were common in Cyrene, and one had the inscription 'Alexander (son of)
Simon' in Greek and Hebrew. This could possibly refer to a person from
Cyrene. According to Dr. Craig A. Evans, this suggests a connection to
the person mentioned in Mark's gospel. Prof. Evans notes that while
these were common names, this is the only known instance of 'Alexander,
son of Simon,' making it very suggestive. Dr. Tal Ilan and Tom Powers
also believe this could be the son of Simon of Cyrene mentioned in the
gospels, providing hard evidence of his existence and linking him to
Jerusalem. </p><p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwM-3Au6EyTY8z5sm9M3s3FLLRCCS426v-P_J5Smx1SBoKG6uvqpKbDcorID_xGmTX-KeMcOLkhR0v0yPnelZpJUTX8TwRD4uCJ1oEla3_mkV6pfwAtdYGOk1zzW4CjXi2l3O_8VBd8Ng46_t48kN9WyRt-KZHOWhZu5B4Vwl1GYZ3YBBT1q3l/s2496/Ossuaries%20Dominus%20Flevit%20Church2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1412" data-original-width="2496" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwM-3Au6EyTY8z5sm9M3s3FLLRCCS426v-P_J5Smx1SBoKG6uvqpKbDcorID_xGmTX-KeMcOLkhR0v0yPnelZpJUTX8TwRD4uCJ1oEla3_mkV6pfwAtdYGOk1zzW4CjXi2l3O_8VBd8Ng46_t48kN9WyRt-KZHOWhZu5B4Vwl1GYZ3YBBT1q3l/w400-h226/Ossuaries%20Dominus%20Flevit%20Church2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Dominus Flevit Church</h2><p>The discovery of ancient artifacts from biblical times never ceases to
amaze us, and the latest one is no exception. During the construction of
the Dominus Flevit Church in 1955, a burial chamber was unearthed,
revealing ossuaries (bone boxes) from the time of Jesus.<br /><br />This
discovery is significant on multiple levels. Firstly, it sheds light on
the burial practices of the ancient Jewish culture. The use of ossuaries
was a common tradition among the Jews, where the bones of the deceased
were placed in a small stone box after the body had decomposed. These
ossuaries were usually decorated with intricate designs and
inscriptions, providing valuable insight into the lives and beliefs of
the people of that time.<br /><br />Additionally, the discovery of these
ossuaries in the same area where Jesus himself walked and preached adds a
whole new layer of historical and religious significance. It is a
reminder that the events described in the Bible were not just stories,
but real occurrences that took place in specific locations.<br /><br />Moreover,
this discovery also serves as a testament to the authenticity of the
Bible. Many skeptics often question the accuracy of biblical accounts,
but the unearthing of these ossuaries from the time of Jesus is solid
proof of the historical accuracy of the scriptures.<br /><br />It is
remarkable to think that these ossuaries have been lying underground for
centuries, preserving a piece of history that has now been brought to
the surface. The Dominus Flevit Church, which commemorates Jesus weeping
over Jerusalem, is now also a site that holds a tangible connection to
the life and death of Jesus.<br /><br />In conclusion, the discovery of the
burial chamber and ossuaries from the time of Jesus is a significant
archaeological find that adds to our understanding of ancient burial
practices and the historical accuracy of the Bible. It is a reminder of
the rich history and culture that surrounds us and the importance of
preserving and learning from it.</p><h2 style="text-align: left;">The Talpiot Tomb <br /></h2><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqN4W8LG3ZBwBgV-JGS4cLgxASxaQwxi15vOoavu5GRTFzCvlljDJzfSoRNfPRehMofjxVbIe6vbQ6TZJK_VzWI96HE3vH1OB7FRB2F4SFkms_YK5Nz8h6p3h6Wz2BvANiodxRDnnViZ9zdOClSKrQSIMAmS5NUJJ9ffFJtIIeT_4fgirwwQn4/s2496/Ossuaries%20Talpiot%20Tomb.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1412" data-original-width="2496" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqN4W8LG3ZBwBgV-JGS4cLgxASxaQwxi15vOoavu5GRTFzCvlljDJzfSoRNfPRehMofjxVbIe6vbQ6TZJK_VzWI96HE3vH1OB7FRB2F4SFkms_YK5Nz8h6p3h6Wz2BvANiodxRDnnViZ9zdOClSKrQSIMAmS5NUJJ9ffFJtIIeT_4fgirwwQn4/w400-h226/Ossuaries%20Talpiot%20Tomb.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />The Talpiot Tomb, also known as the Talpiyot Tomb, is a significant
archaeological discovery that has sparked much debate and controversy.
This cave tomb, located in the East Talpiot neighborhood of the Old City
of Jerusalem, was discovered in 1980 and has since been the subject of
intense scrutiny.<br /><br />The tomb itself is a fascinating find, as it is
a rare example of a cave tomb cut out of the rock in the region.
Inside, ten ossuaries, or bone boxes, were found, each containing human
remains. However, what makes this tomb even more intriguing is the fact
that six of the ossuaries had inscriptions.<br /><br />One of these
inscriptions has been translated as “Yeshua bar Yehosef” or “Jesus, son
of Joseph”. This has led many to speculate that this could possibly be
the tomb of Jesus and his family. However, the authenticity of this
inscription is heavily debated among scholars. The letters are not clear
and some argue that it could be a coincidence or a common name during
that time period.<br /><br />The controversy surrounding the Talpiot Tomb
has only grown over the years, with some claiming it as evidence of the
existence of Jesus and others dismissing it as a mere coincidence.
However, regardless of its authenticity, the tomb remains an important
archaeological find that sheds light on burial practices and customs in
ancient Jerusalem.<br /><br />The Talpiot Tomb serves as a reminder of the
rich history and cultural significance of Jerusalem. It also highlights
the importance of continued exploration and research in order to unravel
the mysteries of the past. As the debate over its authenticity
continues, one thing is for sure – the Talpiot Tomb will continue to
captivate and intrigue people for years to come.<p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">The Peace Forest in Jerusalem</h2><div style="text-align: left;">In 1990, while working on a water park in the Peace Forest in Jerusalem, a man named Zvi Greenhut made a remarkable discovery. While excavating the area, a burial chamber collapsed, revealing 12 limestone ossuaries, or bone boxes. This discovery would turn out to be of great significance, as it shed light on a crucial figure in the New Testament.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />Known as the Caiaphas Ossuary, one of the bone boxes was inscribed with the name “Joseph son of Caiaphas,” a high priest during the time of Jesus. The other ossuaries contained the remains of six adults and six children. This finding confirmed that this was indeed the burial site of Caiaphas and his family.</div><h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2><div style="text-align: left;">The significance of this discovery cannot be understated. Caiaphas is a well-known figure in the New Testament, as he played a crucial role in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus. The Gospel of Matthew describes him as the one who plotted to have Jesus arrested and handed over to the Romans. The Gospel of John also mentions him as the high priest who questioned Jesus and accused him of blasphemy.</div><h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2><div style="text-align: left;">The Caiaphas Ossuary provides tangible evidence of the existence of this important figure in biblical history. It also offers insight into the practices of Jewish burial customs during that time. The ossuary itself is a beautifully crafted piece, decorated with intricate designs and inscriptions.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />Since its discovery, the Caiaphas Ossuary has been studied and analyzed by scholars and archaeologists, further enriching our understanding of the New Testament. It has also been displayed in various exhibitions around the world, allowing people to see this significant artifact for themselves.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />This discovery reminds us that even in the midst of modern developments, ancient history can still be uncovered. The Caiaphas Ossuary is a testament to the enduring power of archaeology and its ability to connect us to our past. It serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving and studying our history, not just for ourselves, but for future generations as well.</div><p><br /></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <p> </p>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-63186817555252300132024-01-30T09:55:00.000-08:002024-02-18T09:01:32.585-08:00The Pilate Ring: A Fascinating Discovery at the Herodium<h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWCeT0JT1OQY0EC_VrFRyz0MvlC1x4T9ZyfdFMh0kfxgG1DHDGigdhysjqpXNjtbM66CUS4c55g3s_wXOsR-5O4o-2qRG0kx3aUn_ntDq9L50mtp2UhhqzR3gJrTOW9yfaYoYtYK_p_NeEWQxuc_462TUj15J3gX-hH6BPVD-Rqn8l9Fh2_JbZ/s2496/Pontius%20Pilate%20Title.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1412" data-original-width="2496" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWCeT0JT1OQY0EC_VrFRyz0MvlC1x4T9ZyfdFMh0kfxgG1DHDGigdhysjqpXNjtbM66CUS4c55g3s_wXOsR-5O4o-2qRG0kx3aUn_ntDq9L50mtp2UhhqzR3gJrTOW9yfaYoYtYK_p_NeEWQxuc_462TUj15J3gX-hH6BPVD-Rqn8l9Fh2_JbZ/w400-h226/Pontius%20Pilate%20Title.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />VIDEO On the Pontius Pilate discoveries<br /></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"> <iframe allowfullscreen="" class="rumble" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://rumble.com/embed/v485g9r/?pub=17mp4x" width="640"></iframe>
</h2><p>In 1968,
archaeologist Gideon Foerster made an exciting discovery at the
Herodium, a fortress built by King Herod the Great in the Judean Desert.
Among the ruins, he found a copper-alloy ring with a unique design.
This ring would go on to be known as the “Pilate ring” and would shed
light on the religious and cultural connections between the Romans and
the people of Judea.<br /><br />The ring features a Greek inscription that
reads “of Pilate.” This immediately caught the attention of scholars and
historians, as it is believed to have belonged to Pontius Pilate, the
prefect of the Roman province of Judea from 26-36 AD. This connection to
such a prominent figure in Roman history makes the Pilate ring a
significant archaeological find.<br /><br />But what makes this discovery
even more intriguing is the research conducted by Dr. David Grave, a
professor of Classical Studies at the University of Florida. In his
article “Pilate’s Ring and Roman Religion,” Grave delves into the
symbolism and religious significance of the ring.<br /><br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvxXMr-2yINoE7H6DTQLBxrFgcwOV_eo9RVuUudOwkn2e-13ZXD6iFWh2lF2KlsXfeoKfWBgj9Ew2Yh6bnXeb-QZ6Na7hCilLI6wL0A96JivYGf4IpmmmaSvlDIaJwBCaOw6FwfgY48FDudBWGtNc01azHsuIiJ5AX5QQ9-pUmA5_x10qCYMXs/s2644/Pilate%20ring%20CCI20220719_0001.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2644" data-original-width="1988" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvxXMr-2yINoE7H6DTQLBxrFgcwOV_eo9RVuUudOwkn2e-13ZXD6iFWh2lF2KlsXfeoKfWBgj9Ew2Yh6bnXeb-QZ6Na7hCilLI6wL0A96JivYGf4IpmmmaSvlDIaJwBCaOw6FwfgY48FDudBWGtNc01azHsuIiJ5AX5QQ9-pUmA5_x10qCYMXs/w301-h400/Pilate%20ring%20CCI20220719_0001.jpg" width="301" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Drawing of the ring of Pilate in <br /><div style="text-align: left;">My water colour illustration of Pilate's ring discovered <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">at Herodium that </span>was featured on the front cover of the <a href="https://www.academia.edu/40789537/Pilates_Ring_and_Roman_Religion" target="_blank"><i>Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin.</i></a> Graves, David E. ‘<a href="https://www.academia.edu/40789537/Pilates_Ring_and_Roman_Religion" target="_blank">Pilate’s Ring and Roman Religion</a>’. <i>Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin </i>69, no. 1 (2019): 1–20. <p></p><p> For more on the name of Pontius Pilate see <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2022/02/caesarea-maritima.html" target="_blank">this article</a>. </p></div></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The ring’s
design includes a depiction of a ritual vessel called a simpulum, which
was used in Roman religious ceremonies. The simpulum is a shallow bowl
with a long handle, used to pour wine or water as a libation to the
gods. This symbol is commonly associated with the Roman goddess Roma,
who represented the city of Rome and its people.<br /><br />Grave argues
that the inclusion of the simpulum on the Pilate ring indicates a
connection to Roman religion and beliefs. He suggests that Pilate, in an
effort to maintain good relations with the Roman authorities, may have
adopted Roman religious practices and incorporated them into his rule.<br /><br />Furthermore,
Grave points out that the inscription “of Pilate” on the ring is
written in the genitive case, which indicates ownership. This suggests
that the ring was not just a decorative item but was actually worn by
Pilate himself. This reinforces the idea that Pilate embraced Roman
culture and religion, as the ring would have been a symbol of his status
and loyalty to the Roman empire.</p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUyXDc7r2BsP97M1d2lRwvMeyU0JkhFmDIVMfLYgjiIALzkIF0kCuTuqeOVAaxk6-nQdtpWjEn_XL5ju2JLt0WtfxpoJzcZ1AK-Eo9FPh7r4CgGpO9enaZufSMWwjevDdbaugnEjsTlfSvm2-MVrrs2TT_y9eRb2Ipm29nVkI00HRgYfeZxQAO/s1654/Herodium.tif" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1240" data-original-width="1654" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUyXDc7r2BsP97M1d2lRwvMeyU0JkhFmDIVMfLYgjiIALzkIF0kCuTuqeOVAaxk6-nQdtpWjEn_XL5ju2JLt0WtfxpoJzcZ1AK-Eo9FPh7r4CgGpO9enaZufSMWwjevDdbaugnEjsTlfSvm2-MVrrs2TT_y9eRb2Ipm29nVkI00HRgYfeZxQAO/s320/Herodium.tif" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Herodium interior<br />Photo by David E. Graves</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> </td></tr></tbody></table><br />But what makes the Pilate ring
even more significant is the fact that it was found at the <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2016/02/herodium.html" target="_blank">Herodium</a>, a
site closely associated with King Herod, a vassal of the Roman empire.
This suggests that there were strong ties between the Roman and Judean
rulers, and that Roman religious practices and beliefs may have
influenced the Jewish elite.<br /><br />The Pilate ring is a prime example
of how archaeological finds can reveal valuable insights into the past.
It not only confirms the existence of a prominent historical figure but
also sheds light on the religious and cultural connections between the
Romans and the people of Judea.<br /><br />In conclusion, the Pilate ring
discovered at the Herodium is a fascinating artifact that has opened up
new avenues for research and study. Dr. David Grave’s article provides a
thought-provoking analysis of the ring and its significance in
understanding the religious practices of the Roman empire. It is a
testament to the rich history and complex relationships between
different cultures and civilizations.<p></p><p></p><p> </p><p>For Pilate Ring Article see <a href="https://www.academia.edu/40789537/Pilates_Ring_and_Roman_Religion" target="_blank">LINK </a></p><p>For more information on the Herodium see this blog article <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2022/02/caesarea-maritima.html" target="_blank">LINK</a><br /></p><br /><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-3343023013915317382024-01-23T13:59:00.000-08:002024-02-18T09:01:45.821-08:00Unveiling the Mesopotamian Creation and Flood Epics<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQbNCVOk721r20BhQMsWAFSa-0c285tJtQZYajG90jhCC8ovKZSWR45m5FJPm3cLSk1HfxL_pA_hNEtnHslWo7rHRiCRvMhw9alxrr6b7n4dpQ8eLGi7tDufGSUHEeI3zY2IyeX879lbNUFMJkmeR0LvQ33ZF-Tn4qCsUA8ajImQ-TQ3-8usWX/s2496/4%20Creation%20and%20flood%20epics.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1404" data-original-width="2496" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQbNCVOk721r20BhQMsWAFSa-0c285tJtQZYajG90jhCC8ovKZSWR45m5FJPm3cLSk1HfxL_pA_hNEtnHslWo7rHRiCRvMhw9alxrr6b7n4dpQ8eLGi7tDufGSUHEeI3zY2IyeX879lbNUFMJkmeR0LvQ33ZF-Tn4qCsUA8ajImQ-TQ3-8usWX/w400-h225/4%20Creation%20and%20flood%20epics.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p><br /></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102">Unveiling the Mesopotamian Creation and Flood Epics: A Journey into Ancient Mythology</span><br /></h1><h1><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102"></span></h1><h3 style="text-align: left;">VIDEO (9 min)</h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"></h3>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="rumble" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://rumble.com/embed/v46u296/?pub=17mp4x" width="640"></iframe>
<p><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-80436">Welcome
to this captivating video exploring the Mesopotamian Creation and Flood
Epics! In this enlightening journey, we will delve into the ancient
tales that have shaped the beliefs and imagination of one of the world's
oldest civilizations. Join us as we unravel the mysteries of The Epic
of Gilgamesh, The Ziusudra (Eridu Genesis) Epic, The Atrahasis Epic, and
the Enuma Elish. These remarkable epics offer profound insights into
the Mesopotamian worldview, their understanding of creation, the divine
pantheon, and the cataclysmic floods that left an indelible mark on
their collective memory. Prepare to be immersed in a world of gods,
heroes, and the eternal struggle between chaos and order. Let's embark
on this captivating exploration of the Mesopotamian Creation and Flood
Epics, and discover the enduring legacy of these ancient stories.</span><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102"> </span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102">Introduction:</span><br /></h2><h2><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102"></span></h2><p><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102">The ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, nestled between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, left behind a rich tapestry of myths and legends that continue to captivate us to this day. Among the most intriguing narratives are the Mesopotamian Creation and Flood Epics. In this blog post, we will embark on a journey through time to explore four remarkable epics: The Epic of Gilgamesh, The Ziusudra (Eridu Genesis) Epic, The Atrahasis Epic, and the Enuma Elish. These ancient texts offer us a glimpse into the beliefs, values, and imagination of these early civilizations.<br /><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqWex1Ds8S7WJ0VQfCUNYbr98mgQtR3YnE49SxvhwTZHo7QfDTdiJhwWvEIaY6xSfxrP3xfjOx6vcvFEsba9kMXP6v7nju_QDugnEPTGZdXnhwszPhqfM17BCl8sBE2HIt9_uPwD2ltR8v-6nouBIM7RNDIOvtEEz6jvrk0a7a3c9zh1FuSPFA/s2496/Epic%20of%20Gilgamesh%20Map.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1412" data-original-width="2496" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqWex1Ds8S7WJ0VQfCUNYbr98mgQtR3YnE49SxvhwTZHo7QfDTdiJhwWvEIaY6xSfxrP3xfjOx6vcvFEsba9kMXP6v7nju_QDugnEPTGZdXnhwszPhqfM17BCl8sBE2HIt9_uPwD2ltR8v-6nouBIM7RNDIOvtEEz6jvrk0a7a3c9zh1FuSPFA/s320/Epic%20of%20Gilgamesh%20Map.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />1. The Epic of Gilgamesh:</span><br /></h2><h3><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102"></span></h3><p><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102">The Epic of Gilgamesh, often regarded as one of the oldest surviving works of literature, takes us on an epic adventure with the legendary king Gilgamesh. This epic explores themes of mortality, friendship, and the quest for immortality. It also contains a significant flood narrative, paralleling other flood stories from different cultures.<br /><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj78YnjatitQ-qE4zKQ88Ldd65o4MPQdWyVIZ6jJX341cN2FA7I_brhmF8PR92NXTMF4YmvlMJqiu1nwZSaW6GHMPuFcs3_Dna2fsGBkyOLnFF6jTZx0Gpmar-8T53VsWqPsQb71j092EV219lGLLDSf6g5yPVkzKQSqSUxI9ltRPcU1XvOeevc/s2496/Ziusudra%20Epics%20Pennsylvania.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1412" data-original-width="2496" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj78YnjatitQ-qE4zKQ88Ldd65o4MPQdWyVIZ6jJX341cN2FA7I_brhmF8PR92NXTMF4YmvlMJqiu1nwZSaW6GHMPuFcs3_Dna2fsGBkyOLnFF6jTZx0Gpmar-8T53VsWqPsQb71j092EV219lGLLDSf6g5yPVkzKQSqSUxI9ltRPcU1XvOeevc/s320/Ziusudra%20Epics%20Pennsylvania.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />2. The Ziusudra (Eridu Genesis) Epic:</span><br /></h2><h2><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102"></span></h2><p><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102">The Ziusudra Epic, also known as the Eridu Genesis, recounts the creation of the world and the gods' decision to send a catastrophic flood to cleanse humanity. Ziusudra, the hero of the story, is chosen to survive the deluge and preserve life on Earth. This epic provides insights into the Mesopotamian understanding of the divine and their relationship with the natural world.<br /><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6OxmAVbmiGn002F_6Vx6PBegRZHWk7-fwwiBn9WYuqP7x1b6jaaCAayZVXwzIr8OQmGiDqYIzWh1MixOm5seTGjBaADoVwOsjVLl8wUDHvCbRSO90w-ggfOkjsA5xlB6JgunJawL5OfqmD2GQqqH-tywvVOnW6_R0o1-yZcKMn3Hf47MZkugk/s2496/Atrahasis%20Epics%20Map.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1412" data-original-width="2496" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6OxmAVbmiGn002F_6Vx6PBegRZHWk7-fwwiBn9WYuqP7x1b6jaaCAayZVXwzIr8OQmGiDqYIzWh1MixOm5seTGjBaADoVwOsjVLl8wUDHvCbRSO90w-ggfOkjsA5xlB6JgunJawL5OfqmD2GQqqH-tywvVOnW6_R0o1-yZcKMn3Hf47MZkugk/s320/Atrahasis%20Epics%20Map.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />3. The Atrahasis Epic:</span><br /></h2><h2><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102"></span></h2><p><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102">The Atrahasis Epic presents a complex narrative of creation, gods, and humanity's struggle for survival. It tells the story of Atrahasis, a wise and resourceful hero who is warned by the gods about an impending flood. Atrahasis builds an ark to save himself, his family, and various animals, thus ensuring the continuity of life.<br /><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVbv5spgio8xKZaM04h7OJaW4itDAGAdXwLKHy0xRamaNq2zjmu_ICfpSN7rcFhZdap9jij5lIkBkK0Y-4q8rFLnDdTU2znamjNd91OUk6AwiqKad717x5dUFIyYo1oa7XHuXzsvtzxzHi4-q8OyYRmd0Xq1OCvoITukCEVj7HY2kIgxgKjyJP/s2496/Enuma%20Elish%20tablet%203.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1412" data-original-width="2496" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVbv5spgio8xKZaM04h7OJaW4itDAGAdXwLKHy0xRamaNq2zjmu_ICfpSN7rcFhZdap9jij5lIkBkK0Y-4q8rFLnDdTU2znamjNd91OUk6AwiqKad717x5dUFIyYo1oa7XHuXzsvtzxzHi4-q8OyYRmd0Xq1OCvoITukCEVj7HY2kIgxgKjyJP/s320/Enuma%20Elish%20tablet%203.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />4. The Enuma Elish:</span><br /></h2><h2><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102"></span></h2><p><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102">The Enuma Elish, often referred to as the Babylonian Creation Myth, recounts the birth of the universe and the rise of the gods. It tells the tale of Marduk, the chief god, who battles against the primordial goddess Tiamat and her monstrous allies. This epic not only explains the origins of the world but also establishes Marduk's supremacy among the gods.<br /><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102">Conclusion:</span><br /></h2><h2><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102"></span></h2><p><span class="wpaicg-chat-message" id="wpaicg-chat-message-78102">The Mesopotamian Creation and Flood Epics offer us a window into the ancient Mesopotamian worldview, their understanding of the divine, and their attempts to make sense of the world around them. These narratives, filled with gods, heroes, and cataclysmic events, have influenced subsequent mythologies and continue to resonate with us today. Exploring these epics allows us to appreciate the rich cultural heritage of Mesopotamia and gain a deeper understanding of our shared human history. So, let us embark on this journey of discovery, as we unravel the mysteries and marvels of the Mesopotamian Creation and Flood Epics.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <p></p>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-11881238922191415322024-01-19T04:21:00.000-08:002024-02-18T09:01:56.198-08:00Three Amazing Manuscripts Video<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih6hJH0pKgOOxEO-BrP_yoF22etZdEnYnsfx6QDXPMp92P1yaUMQxTAUuPm-ZKVGvLF7p5lxeidIdSm_DoAuukVtKfky48ZqCECXADtpIYog_GR0xGpDJETViPnFhNBU7hxk0VzHXDub9kmPbz4avY4BSMbLFoQR-SnZlkP4UzB9iqOKKxn2RJ/s2496/Title%20Silver%20Copper%20Scroll.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1400" data-original-width="2496" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih6hJH0pKgOOxEO-BrP_yoF22etZdEnYnsfx6QDXPMp92P1yaUMQxTAUuPm-ZKVGvLF7p5lxeidIdSm_DoAuukVtKfky48ZqCECXADtpIYog_GR0xGpDJETViPnFhNBU7hxk0VzHXDub9kmPbz4avY4BSMbLFoQR-SnZlkP4UzB9iqOKKxn2RJ/w400-h224/Title%20Silver%20Copper%20Scroll.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p><br /> </p><p> </p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Video Introduction</h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"> <iframe allowfullscreen="" class="rumble" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://rumble.com/embed/v45cwwr/?pub=17mp4x" width="640"></iframe></h2><h4 style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://bibleinteract.com/?p=17332" target="_blank">Bible Interact Podcast</a> discussing the Three documents. </h4><p>Welcome to the introduction of our video documentary on three captivating artifacts: the Ketef Hinnom Amulet or silver scroll, the Dead Sea Copper Scroll, and the Nash Papyrus. In this documentary, we will delve into the intriguing stories behind these ancient treasures and explore their historical significance.<br /><br />The Ketef Hinnom Amulet, also known as the silver scroll, is a remarkable artifact discovered in Jerusalem. Dating back to the 7th century BCE, this tiny amulet contains one of the oldest surviving texts from the Hebrew Bible. We will uncover the secrets hidden within its delicate engravings and unravel its connection to ancient religious practices.<br /><br />Next, we will journey to the Dead Sea region, where the enigmatic Copper Scroll was unearthed. Unlike traditional scrolls, this unique artifact is made entirely of copper & tin and provides a detailed treasure map. We will delve into the mysteries surrounding its origins, decipher its cryptic inscriptions, and explore the tantalizing possibility of hidden riches.<br /><br />Lastly, we will explore the Nash Papyrus, a fragmentary ancient manuscript containing one of the oldest known copies of the Ten Commandments. This invaluable artifact sheds light on the development of biblical texts and offers insights into the religious practices of ancient times. We will examine its historical context and discuss its significance in the study of biblical scholarship.<br /><br />Join us on this captivating journey as we uncover the stories behind these three fascinating artifacts, shedding light on their historical, cultural, and religious importance. Through the pleasant narration and stunning visuals, we aim to provide a comprehensive exploration of these ancient treasures and their enduring legacy.<br /></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <p> </p>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-67017228277577043352023-12-11T11:51:00.000-08:002024-02-18T09:02:15.798-08:00Oxford Programme 2003-2007<p>Teaching a course at Oxford is a dream come true for many academics. As
one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the world, Oxford
has a long-standing reputation for academic excellence and intellectual
rigor. So when I had the opportunity to teach a course at Oxford, I
jumped at the chance.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIBf84vFHjKhK2WFaHr_1NMa57yEFLNxDwebZMMQ7JWjsvVzvEXEO3OTkIUQ4yk5_hJ0KZT4JYIikk4N5y-c4JZ0WURiLztp3g8a_gbZqcqYkZo4tyEsSXJiK16kbXVaqR20ZTURnxmJNp01z5OL2v8UhKJ193slMdJNaWtaHnJrmZi5Lu17WE/s2576/HPIM0431.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1920" data-original-width="2576" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIBf84vFHjKhK2WFaHr_1NMa57yEFLNxDwebZMMQ7JWjsvVzvEXEO3OTkIUQ4yk5_hJ0KZT4JYIikk4N5y-c4JZ0WURiLztp3g8a_gbZqcqYkZo4tyEsSXJiK16kbXVaqR20ZTURnxmJNp01z5OL2v8UhKJ193slMdJNaWtaHnJrmZi5Lu17WE/s320/HPIM0431.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Courtyard of </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Regent Park College, Oxford 2007</span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>The course, RS3883 was offered at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_College,_Oxford">Regent
Park College</a>, University of Oxford and titled "Intellectual History of Science and Religion (1600-1980)–Part B-Deus Artefacta: 19th Century Drive for Proof by Artefact from Major Developments in the History of British Biblical Archaeology," Feb 2003, Feb 2005 was part of the ABU-Oxford
Study Programme and was offered to 15 carefully selected students. The course description
highlighted the major developments in the history of British Biblical
Archaeology during this time period. This was a fascinating and complex
topic to explore, and I was excited to share my knowledge and insights
with students from various backgrounds and disciplines.</p><p>In March of 2007 the course was slightly changed to RS3893, "History of British Biblical Archaeology." A survey of the influence of archaeological discoveries of prominent British archaeologists and how their work makes possible a fuller understanding of Christian faith and historical context. Contributions of British archaeology for biblical exegesis through the individual lives of British archaeologists and importance of related artefacts were examined. The impact of British archaeology on 19th and 20th century political climate and role in the rise of British imperialism, Darwinism, racism, and political climate was explored.</p><p>The course had a total of 15 students, all with a keen interest
in the subject. Together, we embarked on a journey to explore the
influence of prominent British archaeologists on our understanding of
Christian faith and historical context. We delved into the contributions
of British archaeology to biblical exegesis, examining the individual
lives of archaeologists and the importance of related artifacts. It was
truly fascinating to see how their work has shaped our understanding of
the Bible and its teachings.<br /><br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNLkwPxEqOInYD_4vFN0JmKCxaWmvjI35sdQtgYbnCQB9MC8r0AFVBO7PhBUUtrPkMk9eC2TKwOrw2XVnK0c-GaRSG_jmyvaw_ZymB7YmkbFTj5zm9AZD0n23mmifezPTI6G1Zy2KvFywfag7AxxG86tHV92-ORYJJMRRnHEDH2MA00Rvk_4WK/s2576/HPIM0430.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1920" data-original-width="2576" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNLkwPxEqOInYD_4vFN0JmKCxaWmvjI35sdQtgYbnCQB9MC8r0AFVBO7PhBUUtrPkMk9eC2TKwOrw2XVnK0c-GaRSG_jmyvaw_ZymB7YmkbFTj5zm9AZD0n23mmifezPTI6G1Zy2KvFywfag7AxxG86tHV92-ORYJJMRRnHEDH2MA00Rvk_4WK/s320/HPIM0430.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Regent Park College students, Oxford 2007</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br />One of
the unique aspects of teaching at Oxford is the opportunity to utilize
resources from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum">British Museum</a>. This iconic museum, located in the
heart of London, is home to a vast collection of artifacts from around
the world. It was a privilege to take my students on a field trip to the
museum and have them engage with the artifacts first-hand. Seeing the artifacts in person allowed them to better understand the history and
context behind them, and sparked interesting discussions and debates
within the class.<br /><br />The course also took place at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_College,_Oxford">Regent
Park College</a>, one of the constituent colleges of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. This
provided a traditional Oxford experience for the students, with its
beautiful architecture and rich history. The college also had a library
dedicated to theology and religious studies, which was a valuable
resource for both myself and the students.<br /><p></p><p>The course I taught was not only intellectually stimulating, but it also allowed me to share my passion for biblical archaeology with students from different backgrounds and cultures. One of the most exciting aspects of teaching at Oxford was the opportunity to use the university's extensive resources. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library" target="_blank">Bodleian Library</a>, one of the oldest and largest libraries in Europe, was a treasure trove of information. I would often take my students there for research assignments and they were always amazed at the vast collection of books, manuscripts, and artifacts available to them. The course itself focused on the development of biblical archaeology in Britain during the 19th century. </p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0O04-c2JHOsIifkA_lT0Mc4u4B7nJy5InGO4vUK6q7kYFSaBDVD5Jq0WHiZABA3wOpCuY3CUrkO4eywrWRAWyYRrFAPtaTzWgvN3T_GV16s6HZjO6OZVJHk9KHn11738Z23a63SweHF4ryPu7hAU_RU8G11ez9mJ4gOKAeK02DXhlX5W_DOtO/s3072/IMG_3818.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="3072" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0O04-c2JHOsIifkA_lT0Mc4u4B7nJy5InGO4vUK6q7kYFSaBDVD5Jq0WHiZABA3wOpCuY3CUrkO4eywrWRAWyYRrFAPtaTzWgvN3T_GV16s6HZjO6OZVJHk9KHn11738Z23a63SweHF4ryPu7hAU_RU8G11ez9mJ4gOKAeK02DXhlX5W_DOtO/s320/IMG_3818.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Our students in the Canadian office <br />in the Palace of Westminster, London. 2005</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>But teaching at Oxford is not just limited to the classroom. The university offers a plethora of resources and opportunities for both instructors and students to further their academic and personal growth. For instance, as part of my course, we had the opportunity to visit the British Parliament and sit in on the House of Commons and listen to the speeches. This was an eye-opening experience for my students, many of whom had never been to the UK before. It allowed them to see firsthand how the British government operates and how different it is from their own country's political system.<br /><br />But the course didn't stop there. We also explored the impact of British
archaeology on the political climate of the 19th and 20th century. The trip to the British Parliament was just one of many extracurricular activities organized by the university to enhance the students' learning experience. We discussed the rise of British imperialism, the influence of Darwinism and racism, and how these factors were intertwined with archaeological discoveries.<p></p><p>The course I taught was on “The History of
British Biblical Archaeology” at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_College,_Oxford">Regent
Park College</a>, a permanent
private hall of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.
It was an international ABU-Oxford Study Programme and the course was listed as 3893 Religious Studies, "History of British Biblical
Archaeology: Deus Artefactica: 19th-Century Drive for Proof by Artifact
from Major Developments in the History of Biblical Archaeology." It was
taught in the winter semester in 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009. Since
this time I have expanded my lectures and compiled them into a book on <i><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2023/11/history-of-biblical-archaeology.html" target="_blank">The History of Biblical Archaeology</a></i> forthcoming in 2024. <br /></p><p>The early 19th century was a time when there was a great interest in proving the truth and historicity of the Bible through archaeological discoveries. It was a time of exploration, excavation, and controversy. We delved into the lives and work of prominent archaeologists such as <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/search?q=Petrie" target="_blank">William Flinders Petrie</a>, <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2016/05/kathleen-kenyon.html" target="_blank">Kathleen Kenyon</a>, and <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2016/05/leonard-woolley_16.html" target="_blank">Leonard Woolley</a>, and examined the impact of their discoveries on biblical scholarship. </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgscqYMCsLW-bvStP9GCjYHGxVIaZLkv2I4b6XGwSQ1Rs69g57qcbABkChEDsgURuW3wLBuYAKe9h3uV2_qoIGy5heHn0jPlitbXCTUaZDiXgt7Zbup0Sp0IJ_DZ2tcY8btNwoRfBJ0TSlvA4QTQMbZF0Lttet2kehPzdEGh4bi-rEFX0124iTP/s2048/IMGP0325.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgscqYMCsLW-bvStP9GCjYHGxVIaZLkv2I4b6XGwSQ1Rs69g57qcbABkChEDsgURuW3wLBuYAKe9h3uV2_qoIGy5heHn0jPlitbXCTUaZDiXgt7Zbup0Sp0IJ_DZ2tcY8btNwoRfBJ0TSlvA4QTQMbZF0Lttet2kehPzdEGh4bi-rEFX0124iTP/s320/IMGP0325.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Students in front of the British Museum, 2005<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>One of the highlights of the course was a field trip to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum">British Museums</a>. Here, we were able to see firsthand some of the artifacts that we had been studying in class. It was an incredible experience to stand in front of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" target="_blank">Rosetta Stone</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" target="_blank">Cyrus Cylinder</a>, both of which played a pivotal role in deciphering ancient languages and understanding biblical history. <br /></p><p>As a professor of archaeology,
I was thrilled to have the opportunity to teach in such a historic and
prestigious setting. I was also excited to be able to provide tours of
the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum">Ashmolean</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum">British Museums</a> to my students, giving them a
firsthand look at some of the world's most valuable archaeological
artifacts.<br /><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk2a4zfRg_IxWtShF3pQ0z-u2hmRJb-4KlwH-LX8tii4mPzwoeVGg-HHxrGQ3_BhG6rO3aCq94Hp2YaFcX58rHAMVUrANZX87pQ3f_VztXuj1OOaqQpdeOgDkf0P1OgTINQ-rEBwyQ_o5YLlaQWyUKSQ3rTvkJbrOxr8Ui6LNMFEw1NJshIt0Q/s2048/IMGP0209.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk2a4zfRg_IxWtShF3pQ0z-u2hmRJb-4KlwH-LX8tii4mPzwoeVGg-HHxrGQ3_BhG6rO3aCq94Hp2YaFcX58rHAMVUrANZX87pQ3f_VztXuj1OOaqQpdeOgDkf0P1OgTINQ-rEBwyQ_o5YLlaQWyUKSQ3rTvkJbrOxr8Ui6LNMFEw1NJshIt0Q/s320/IMGP0209.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The local pub "The Rose and Crown" Charlbury</span> <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />But teaching at Oxford was not just about the academic
aspect. It was also a cultural experience unlike any other. During my
time there, we stayed in local homes in the small village of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlbury" target="_blank">Charlbury</a>,
just a short train ride away from Oxford. This allowed me to immerse
myself in the local culture and truly experience life in a traditional
English village.<p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /><br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgQynmqHBdPWHa9q4y2OABrvBxxsdcRCn3rXUGb6KSPcPHCD-19cJa3EtM0BSDm2qpArzdnjbCQ5UWlpSaCjBu4C3agOZRpJ0pqbAGXevID6-lVZAi__cZnoGapkp2m7hcyyzmw0EEKP0hlj20-_2i5p-joH7KyK4rLmpPn9xAnwydbDYjt1QE/s897/img35.tif" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="897" data-original-width="578" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgQynmqHBdPWHa9q4y2OABrvBxxsdcRCn3rXUGb6KSPcPHCD-19cJa3EtM0BSDm2qpArzdnjbCQ5UWlpSaCjBu4C3agOZRpJ0pqbAGXevID6-lVZAi__cZnoGapkp2m7hcyyzmw0EEKP0hlj20-_2i5p-joH7KyK4rLmpPn9xAnwydbDYjt1QE/s320/img35.tif" width="206" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Radcliffe Camera, Oxford</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Each day, I would take the train to Oxford and
make my way to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_College,_Oxford">Regent
Park College</a>, located in the heart of the city.
Walking through the historic streets and passing by iconic landmarks
like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library" target="_blank">Bodleian Library</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera" target="_blank">Radcliffe Camera</a>, I couldn't help but
feel a sense of awe and inspiration. Our students had access to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library" target="_blank">Bodleian Library</a> a privilege only reserved for Oxford students.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><p></p><p><br /> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifDUts5SFXRize38aGi4_J2vrpgDwIQl0c0zxNHxrPUBWrJsnC7oFJHYZDoSs5yPvznnyrvNWQsgSLAA_8O1AP8je0k9Fy_G1SJ3oZ4Vsw1aq4xQeVrhlMc2jv9mhqJyV5vnUpEsTcokT7jqVVBvSBeoA5jfQv22zVaGfQnnS0zVL_8mqUqKQn/s576/135%20-%20Pub%20where%20CS%20Lewis%20and%20JRR%20Tolkien%20frequented%20-%20Oxford,%20(2017_01_18%2000_18_02%20UTC).JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="576" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifDUts5SFXRize38aGi4_J2vrpgDwIQl0c0zxNHxrPUBWrJsnC7oFJHYZDoSs5yPvznnyrvNWQsgSLAA_8O1AP8je0k9Fy_G1SJ3oZ4Vsw1aq4xQeVrhlMc2jv9mhqJyV5vnUpEsTcokT7jqVVBvSBeoA5jfQv22zVaGfQnnS0zVL_8mqUqKQn/s320/135%20-%20Pub%20where%20CS%20Lewis%20and%20JRR%20Tolkien%20frequented%20-%20Oxford,%20(2017_01_18%2000_18_02%20UTC).JPG" width="320" /></a>One of the most unique aspects of teaching at Oxford is the close
connection to literary greats such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" target="_blank">C.S. Lewis</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" target="_blank">J.R.R. Tolkien</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_College,_Oxford">Regent
Park College</a> is located in the same block as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagle_and_Child" target="_blank">Eagle and Child pub</a>, affectionately known as the Bird and the Baby. This pub holds a
special place in the hearts of literary enthusiasts as it was the spot
where <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" target="_blank">Lewis</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" target="_blank">Tolkien</a> would gather with their fellow <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inklings" target="_blank">Inklings </a>to read
and discuss their latest works.</div><p></p><p><br />As I walk by the pub on my way to
class, I am reminded of the creativity and brilliance that once filled
its walls. And on a particularly lucky day, my students and I would even
stop in to see the shrine dedicated to Lewis and Tolkien and try to
secure a spot in the front of the pub, which has been kept exactly as it
was in the 1930s and 40s when the Inklings frequented it.<br /></p><p> </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG4nBRgRE75G_-ds6qew1pLCGgOCmsmc6EFpsCEkloqmdDUiJWp161xFXfYEkmdCTu_-xWX6LprXtzepBWxBOYhoSWHsYxay9Rc9s-kDa8u5oJ3HbjuKxGlztq3ItYbYsHBuD4XMlKbWaZaL8vSFkE6tQfK53eTaazZP20pCa4Sq9BnBifA_a9/s2048/IMGP0203.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG4nBRgRE75G_-ds6qew1pLCGgOCmsmc6EFpsCEkloqmdDUiJWp161xFXfYEkmdCTu_-xWX6LprXtzepBWxBOYhoSWHsYxay9Rc9s-kDa8u5oJ3HbjuKxGlztq3ItYbYsHBuD4XMlKbWaZaL8vSFkE6tQfK53eTaazZP20pCa4Sq9BnBifA_a9/s320/IMGP0203.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Charlbury Baptist Church meeting hall</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Teaching at Oxford was a
unique experience because of the diverse group of students I had the
privilege of teaching. They came from all over the world but mostly from Canada and the Netherlands, each with
their own unique perspectives and experiences. This made for lively and
thought-provoking discussions in the classroom, as we explored the rich
history of British biblical archaeology together.<br /><br />One of the
highlights of teaching at Oxford was being able to use the university's
vast resources, including its extensive library and state-of-the-art
facilities. This allowed me to provide my students with a comprehensive
learning experience, combining traditional lectures with hands-on
activities and interactive discussions.<br /><br />But perhaps the most
memorable part of my time at Oxford was the sense of community and
camaraderie among the faculty and students. Despite our diverse
backgrounds and areas of expertise, we were all united by our passion
for learning and our shared experience at this prestigious institution.<br /><br /> <p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh77Ue0dE2qXvm51z1Lo7WHwApNPhJEAJ182RmSuE_wiMVjysRBIrRINzXTHb28Hb0z-FNIcIjOFKtSfnAUn7dBONQIhCLcAtxIRqjkzq93xOgV7L9VEXAaTp14-Gux0fnuaXNyssEnUj4mYoQPt8moRu9JvB_v0zx0TNgkYCdF67girsodtFO_/s2048/IMGP0206.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh77Ue0dE2qXvm51z1Lo7WHwApNPhJEAJ182RmSuE_wiMVjysRBIrRINzXTHb28Hb0z-FNIcIjOFKtSfnAUn7dBONQIhCLcAtxIRqjkzq93xOgV7L9VEXAaTp14-Gux0fnuaXNyssEnUj4mYoQPt8moRu9JvB_v0zx0TNgkYCdF67girsodtFO_/s320/IMGP0206.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Main Street in Charlbury, England</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Teaching
a course at Oxford was an experience I will never forget. It not only
allowed me to share my knowledge and expertise with a diverse group of
students, but it also gave me the opportunity to learn and grow as an
educator. And even though it has been many years since I taught at
Oxford, the memories and lessons I gained from that experience will stay
with me for a lifetime.<p></p><br /><p class="HBNormal2nd"></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br /></div><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> </div><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"></div><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><p><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><br /></p>
</div>
</div>
Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-77436171301112049782023-11-28T10:18:00.000-08:002024-02-18T09:02:29.546-08:00NEAS Presentation 2023<p>It was an honor to be one of the few to present remotely at the Near
East Archaeological Society (NEAS) presentation during the Evangelical
Theological Society (ETS) annual meeting held in San Antonio, Texas on
November 14-16, 2023. Twenty papers were presented in the NEAS meetings over the three day
period, covering a wide range of topics.<br /><br />The highlight of the
event for me was presenting my paper, “Don’t Be Oblivious, Its Livias:
Eight Years of Excavations at Tall el-Hammam of a Monumental
Roman/Byzantine/Islamic Bath Complex.” Although I has presented in person many times, this was the first time I had
ever presented remotely at a NEAS presentation and I was excited. </p>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="rumble" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://rumble.com/embed/v3tphzv/?pub=17mp4x" width="640"></iframe>
<p>Video<br /><br />The presentations were all quite interesting
and I learned a lot from my peers. It was also great to connect with
archaeologists and scholars from all over the world and to exchange
ideas and learn from each other. All the papers presented can be found
on the ETS website, which is available here: [<a href="https://www.neasociety.org/post/neas-presentations-at-ets-2023" target="_blank">LINK</a>]. <br /><br />Overall, it
was an amazing experience to present my paper at the NEAS presentation
with my colleagues and I look forward to participating in more conferences and
presentations in the future!</p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-7594188329947372522023-11-11T18:55:00.000-08:002024-02-26T12:08:21.837-08:00The Mesha Stele<p> </p><!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Pl0s8srhKS3pP3Y1Cw6kKpeHgaDryXQKGG0_3t1qpYQwc-ZlhhXjJgnBWFrxrw1eT7GVnTd3VVeYW8agX94RwVU5GM5unF4MBjsDW5elAooTxbLhjb-ep1GDX1x4U6o0dB-w4L_EbVGjW9fEplLkIdquRigzhHeK6CKvuU1lFG5VX05wP79s/s2496/Mesha%20Stele%20Charles%20Clermont-Ganneau.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1406" data-original-width="2496" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Pl0s8srhKS3pP3Y1Cw6kKpeHgaDryXQKGG0_3t1qpYQwc-ZlhhXjJgnBWFrxrw1eT7GVnTd3VVeYW8agX94RwVU5GM5unF4MBjsDW5elAooTxbLhjb-ep1GDX1x4U6o0dB-w4L_EbVGjW9fEplLkIdquRigzhHeK6CKvuU1lFG5VX05wP79s/w400-h225/Mesha%20Stele%20Charles%20Clermont-Ganneau.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="Caption2"><a name="_Toc511584010"></a><a name="_Toc81510679"></a><a name="_Ref492592207"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc81510679;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc511584010;"> </span></span></p><h2 class="Caption2"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc81510679;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc511584010;">The Mesha Stele
(or Moabite Stone).</span></span></h2><h4 class="Caption2"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc81510679;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc511584010;">Video Introduction </span></span> </h4>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="rumble" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://rumble.com/embed/v4d9fzz/?pub=17mp4x" width="640"></iframe>
<p class="PhotoCaptionArialFont">Louvre Museum, Department of Oriental
Antiquities, Sully Wing, ground floor, room D (AO 5066). © Mbzt / Wikimedia
Commons</p>
<h3 class="MsoNormal"> <span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc81510492;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc513040678;">The Mesha Stele</span></span></h3></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p></p>
<p class="HBNormal1st">The Mesha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stele<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(or Moabite Stone) is a black basalt<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>slab inscription that was discovered near
Dibon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(modern
Dhiban, Jordan), the ancient region of Moab, in 1868 by Frederick
Augustus Klein<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(fig <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">89</span>).<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
It is one of the longest monumental stone inscriptions that have survived.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitv70s6JUEKWDVrq26nYqaLXBQU18VJ6pP5vPcOcjpMdrI0Q0q6SkE0vutIHHa5zLBXCNaUMzwFUJrTUav4F1rRpRHkTGIE7M8JpE5sHy5W7JxHisejjuv_Haak71KNG_WCip1zCxPP-LH9X7-MhcpG1FHHuEA5xJHuwN7l3To2fsv2kcmEUmm/s650/CHARLES%20SIMON%20CLERMONT-GANNEAU2.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="473" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitv70s6JUEKWDVrq26nYqaLXBQU18VJ6pP5vPcOcjpMdrI0Q0q6SkE0vutIHHa5zLBXCNaUMzwFUJrTUav4F1rRpRHkTGIE7M8JpE5sHy5W7JxHisejjuv_Haak71KNG_WCip1zCxPP-LH9X7-MhcpG1FHHuEA5xJHuwN7l3To2fsv2kcmEUmm/s320/CHARLES%20SIMON%20CLERMONT-GANNEAU2.jpg" width="233" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles Clermont-Ganneau<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Kleins interest in the stone alerted the local Bedouin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to its value, and they significantly increased
the price from their original agreement. Later, the local tribes refused to let
the stone be transported through their territories. Upon hearing of the find,
Clermont-Ganneau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sent Ya’quµb Karavaca to take paper-mâché
impressions (squeeze) of the inscription. Soon the
Turkish authorities were prepared to send soldiers into Transjordan to take the
stone by force, which led to the local tribes breaking the stone into several
fragmented pieces and distributing them among the local tribes as fertility
amulets. However, Clermont-Ganneau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Charles Warren<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were successful in purchasing some 57 pieces
from the locals, which comprised about two-thirds of the original inscription.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
With many of the pieces still missing, Karavaca’s squeeze cast is an important
artifact in its own right in preserving this significant discovery.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><p></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">
The stela dates to 850–840 BC and speaks of Moabite/Israelite<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>relations in the ninth cent. BC, the time of
King Ahab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and King David.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Moab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was a
vassal state during the time of David and Solomon, but after 930 BC it rebelled
against Israel. When King Ahab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>died in 853 BC, Moab was again under Israel’s
control, though once again preparing to rebel.<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Second Kings states: “Now Mesha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>king of Moab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was a sheep breeder, and he had to deliver to
the king of Israel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100,000 lambs and the wool of 100,000 rams.
But when Ahab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>died, the king of Moab rebelled against the
king of Israel (2 Kgs 3:4–5 ESV).”<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Not only does it contain one of the earliest mentions of
Yahweh, the God of Israel, but also mentions the “house
of David,”<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
confirming the statement of 2 Kings 3:4–5 as historically accurate. It is
presently housed in the Louvre<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Museum, Department of Oriental Antiquities (AO
5066).</p><p class="HBNormal2nd"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglffzCuYEOJA_CEQGqrvEy_ozNBdXGu3rF_p_WxucRTZazHCxQWfU5rdCtLiaH5ZGif-mtMoRNHs6ry9-4MsE5M-Bzz9H_zcnbNZwGc_We643cCHpamtuwA-Itj5UYPK6gMPqX4QME2wcpFCdgOGaxfrag2TXjJ6gdYpW0b2JSajWKnp9H24aS/s2496/Three%20David%20Inscriptions.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1412" data-original-width="2496" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglffzCuYEOJA_CEQGqrvEy_ozNBdXGu3rF_p_WxucRTZazHCxQWfU5rdCtLiaH5ZGif-mtMoRNHs6ry9-4MsE5M-Bzz9H_zcnbNZwGc_We643cCHpamtuwA-Itj5UYPK6gMPqX4QME2wcpFCdgOGaxfrag2TXjJ6gdYpW0b2JSajWKnp9H24aS/w400-h226/Three%20David%20Inscriptions.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="HBNormal1st"> </p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Associated Links <br /></h4><p class="HBNormal1st"><a href="https://biblicalarchaeologygraves.blogspot.com/2014/12/bonus-37-tel-dan-stele.html" target="_blank">Tel Dan Stele Post</a> </p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd"><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2016/02/dan.html" target="_blank">Site of Tel Dan Post</a><br /></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd"><a href="https://biblicalarchaeologygraves.blogspot.com/2014/12/bonus-36-mesha-stele.html" target="_blank">The Mesha Stele Bonus 37 Post</a></p><p class="HBNormal2nd"><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-mesha-stele.html" target="_blank">The Mesha Stele Post</a><br /></p><a href="https://biblicalarchaeologygraves.blogspot.com/2014/12/bonus-33-shishak-i-inscription.html" target="_blank">Shishak I Inscription Post</a><p class="HBNormal1st"> </p><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
John Andrew Dearman, ed., <i>Studies in the Mesha</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inscription and Moab</i>, SBL Archaeology and
Biblical Studies 2 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
James Maxwell Miller, “The Moabite Stone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as a Memorial Stela,” <i>PEQ</i> 106 (1974):
9–18.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Charles Warren, “The Moabite Stone,” <i>PEFSt.</i> 1, no. 4
(1869): 169–82.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Siegfried H. Horn, “Why the Moabite Stone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Was Blown to Pieces: 9<sup>th</sup> Century
B.C. Inscription Adds New Dimension to Biblical Account of Mesha’s Rebellion,” <i>BAR</i> 12,
no. 3 (June 1986): 50–61.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
P. M. Michèle Daviau and Paul-Eugène Dion, “Moab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Comes to Life,” <i>BAR</i> 28, no. 1 (2002):
38.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Gary A. Rendsburg, “A Reconstruction of Moabite
and Israelite<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>History,” <i>Journal of the Ancient Near
Eastern Society of Columbia University</i> 13 (1981): 67–73; John A. Emerton,
“The Value of the Moabite Stone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as an Historical Source,” <i>VT</i> 52, no. 4
(2002): 483–92; André LeMaire, “The Mesha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stele and the Omri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dynasty,” in <i>Ahab</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dynasty</i>, ed. Lester L. Grabbe, The Library
of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies 421 (New York: Continuum International,
2007), 135–44; Brian B. Schmidt, “Neo-Assyrian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Syro-Palestinian Texts I: The Moabite
Stone,” in <i>Ancient Near East: Historical
Sources in Translation</i>, ed. Mark W. Chavalas, Blackwell Sourcebooks in
Ancient History (Oxford: Wiley & Sons, 2006), 311–12; “Palestinian Inscriptions:
Moabite Stone,” trans. W. F. Albright (<i>ANETP</i>, 287); Alviero Niccacci,
“The Stele of Mesha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the Bible: Verbal System and Narrativity,”
<i>Orientalia</i> 63, no. 3 (1994): 226–48; Gibson, <i>Textbook of Syrian
Semitic Inscriptions</i>, 1:1:71–84.</p>
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<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Philip D. Stern, “Of Kings and Moabites: History and Theology in 2
Kings 3 and the Mesha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inscription,” <i>HUCA</i> 64 (1993): 1–14.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
LeMaire, “‘House of David’ Restored
in Moabite Inscription,” 30–37.</p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p>
</div>
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Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-10082205467778779002023-11-08T12:47:00.014-08:002024-03-13T07:02:32.115-07:00The History of Biblical Archaeology<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirn0ip2C-gu2xopOW5Ik_KYwHzJRZ_s2k_FuEwb1TibMxqKX2-3VcLTnKgtzr0Q3HxB5GF9anQA0DiSqrIGKE6gWS820mubLcIQR8bhFINojx9zyYOsL288vqRpMagoqq-cLlDT2w6C_WLkfyfzQrDOyFnaZhnNtYtJkj97_yGaT5JzO1ZcwQq/s2992/History%20of%20Biblical%20Archaeology%203D%20Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2992" data-original-width="2394" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirn0ip2C-gu2xopOW5Ik_KYwHzJRZ_s2k_FuEwb1TibMxqKX2-3VcLTnKgtzr0Q3HxB5GF9anQA0DiSqrIGKE6gWS820mubLcIQR8bhFINojx9zyYOsL288vqRpMagoqq-cLlDT2w6C_WLkfyfzQrDOyFnaZhnNtYtJkj97_yGaT5JzO1ZcwQq/s320/History%20of%20Biblical%20Archaeology%203D%20Cover.jpg" width="256" /></a></div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi01hA6yRcNEeBIcEoHDLXVRfmblfspuazqfkVcEgPJGHfixs0QNPazpgyzRjhhHCku80Cy2rfVwamKUYVCswAIiuh91VuKEQPmSi2JnO_dzSi-fCuK1lhjaeJC0c1L27cNw8ie0yWs-joonb0L9S9cIZ48kpgaWoIJr5VriO0nUw7-8SOxYJon/s2992/History%20of%20Biblical%20Archaeology%203D%20Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div><p><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span><i>The History of Biblical Archaeology</i>: Uncovering the Ancient World of the Bible (Electronic Christian Media, 2024). <span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">Publisher: Electronic Christian Media<br />6 X 9 format, ca 470 pages<br /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Experienced archaeologist Dr. David E. Graves has assembled a history of biblical archaeology written for undergraduate students to provide a foundation for the discoveries presented in the companion volumes of <i><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-archaeology-of-new-testament.html" target="_blank">The Archaeology of the New Testament </a></i>, <i><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-archaeology-of-old-testament.html" target="_blank">The Archaeology of the Old Testament</a></i> and <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-archaeology-of-biblical-people.html" target="_blank">The Archaeology of Biblical People</a>.<br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> Introduction:</span><br /></h2><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Welcome to our blog post, where we invite you to embark on a captivating journey through the pages of <i>The History of Biblical Archaeology.</i> In this groundbreaking book, we delve into the fascinating world of biblical archaeology, uncovering the remarkable discoveries and the profound impact they have had on our understanding of ancient history and the Bible.<br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Unearthing Ancient Treasures:</span><br /></h2><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>The History of Biblical Archaeology</i> takes you on a thrilling expedition, tracing the origins of this field of study and highlighting key archaeological excavations and discoveries that have shaped our knowledge of the biblical world. From the legendary city of Jericho to the awe-inspiring ruins of ancient Jerusalem, each chapter unveils the stories behind these remarkable discoveries and the archaeologists behind them.<br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Unveiling the Past:</span><br /></h2><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Through meticulous research and engaging storytelling, this book sheds light on the methods, challenges, and triumphs of biblical archaeologists throughout history. It explores how these dedicated individuals have unearthed ancient artifacts, deciphered inscriptions, and pieced together fragments of the past to reconstruct the world in which the Bible was written.<br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A Tapestry of Knowledge:</span><br /></h2><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>The History of Biblical Archaeology</i> weaves together a rich tapestry of archaeological findings, historical context, and biblical scholarship. It explores the intersections between archaeology and the Bible, examining how these discoveries have deepened our understanding of biblical narratives, characters, and events.<br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Beyond the Bible:</span><br /></h2><p><span style="font-family: arial;">This book goes beyond the confines of the Bible itself, exploring the broader historical and cultural contexts in which biblical events unfolded. It examines the civilizations, empires, and cultures that left their mark on the biblical lands, providing a comprehensive understanding of the world in which the Bible emerged.<br /><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">A Valuable Resource:</span><br /></h2><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Whether you are a biblical scholar, a history enthusiast, or simply curious about the ancient world, <i>The History of Biblical Archaeology</i> is an invaluable resource. It offers a comprehensive overview of the field, presenting complex ideas in an accessible manner, and providing a solid foundation for further exploration.<br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Conclusion:</span><br /></h2><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>The History of Biblical Archaeology</i> is a captivating book that takes readers on an enlightening journey through the annals of time. It celebrates the tireless efforts of archaeologists who have unearthed the treasures of the past, enriching our understanding of the Bible and the ancient world. So, grab a copy, embark on this adventure, and discover the wonders that lie beneath the sands of time.</span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">This insightful book will:</span></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"> Illustrate archaeological finds with more than 50 pertinent color photographs, detailed map and carefully crafted charts</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Colorized photographs of old Portraits of archaeologists <br /></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Include a glossary defining technical archaeological terms</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Provide extensive footnotes and bibliography for future study</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Include a detailed subject index</span></li></ul><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> <b>NOTE</b>: <i>Until published this is subject to change <br /></i></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Chapters include: <br /></span></h2><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">INTRODUCTION TO BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY</span></h4><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Introduction 18 </span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Definition of Biblical Archaeology 18</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></li></ul><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">CONTROVERSY IN BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 21</span></h4><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Minimalist View 21</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Maximalist View 24</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Direct and Indirect Evidence 26</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Tolerance 27</span></li></ul><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">THE BIRTH OF BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 29</span></h4><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">ANTIQUARIANS 29</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">NATIONALISM 31</span></li></ul><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">THE DISCOVERIES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 33</span></h4><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">FILLING MUSEUMS 33</span></li></ul><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">EGYPTIAN EXPLORATIONS 40</span></h4><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1799 André Joseph Boussard (1758–1813) 41</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Rosetta Stone: The Key to Hieroglyphics 41</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1822 Jean-François Champollion (1790–1832) 43</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1815 Giovanni Battista Belzoni (1778–1823) 44</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1815 The Elephantine Papyri (1815–1904) 45</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1815 Henry Salt (1780–1827) 47</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1820 Bernardino Drovetti (1776–1852) 48</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1836 Christian Jürgensen Thomsen (1788–1865) 49</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1842 Karl Richard Lepsius (1810–1884) 50</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1844 Constantin von Tischendorf (1815–1874) 52</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1858 Development of Egyptian Controversy 54</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1858–1906 Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) 55</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The Father of Palestinian Archaeology 55</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1890 Egyptian Exploration Society 56</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1890 Tell el-Hesi 57</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Stratigraphy and Pottery Reading 58</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1896 The Merneptah Stela (1896) 62</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1904 Serabit el-Khadim Inscriptions 64</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1927–1942 Palestine 64</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Later life 64</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1865 John Lubbock (1834-1913) 65</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1873 Victor Guérin (1848-1917) 67</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1876 Henri Édouard Naville (1844–1926) 68</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1887 The Amarna Letters 70</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1890 Percy Edward Newberry (1869–1949) 73</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1891 J. Rendel Harris (1852–1941) 74</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1899 Howard Carter (1874–1939) 77</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1902 George Andrew Reisner (1867–1942) 79</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1905 Arthur Weigall (1880–1934) 80</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1906 James Henry Breasted (1865–1935) 81</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1907-1910 David George Hogarth (1862–1927) 83</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1908 Bernard Payne Grenfell (1869–1926) 84</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1908 Arthur Surridge Hunt, FBA (1871–1934) 85</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (1897) 86</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1913 Ludwig Borchardt (1863-1938) 87</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1915 Alan Gardiner (1879–1963) 89</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1919 Sir Robert Ludwig Mond (1867–1938) 90</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1957 Michela Schiff Giorgini (1923–1978) 91</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1972 Kenneth Kitchen (1932–) 92</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">2001 Manfred Görg (1938–2012) 93</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;"> The Berlin Statue Pedestal Relief 94</span></li></ul></ul></div><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">MESOPOTAMIAN EXPEDITIONS 96</span></h4><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1778 Carsten Niebuhr (1733–1815) 97</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1800 Georg Friedrich Grotefend (1775–1853) 98</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1811 Claudius James Rich (1787–1821) 100</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1827 Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson (1810–1895) 103</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1836 The Behistun Relief Inscription 105</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1830 Colonel Robert Taylor (1790–1852) 110</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1842 Paul-Émile Botta (1802–1870) 113</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1845-1872 Austin Henry Layard (1817–1894) 115</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Portrait of Israel’s King 115</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1845 Nimrud Palace (1845) 116</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1846 The Black Obelisk (1846) 118</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1847 Nineveh, Palace of Sennacherib (1847) 119</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1947 The Lachish Reliefs 121</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1848 Publications (1848) 123</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1849 Palace and Library of Ashurbanipal (1849) 124</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1850 Layard’s Success (1850’s) 125</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1851 Assyrian Reliefs (1851) 126</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1873 Nimrud the Annals of Tiglath-Pileser III (1873). 127</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1853 William Kennett Loftus (1820–1858) 128</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Ashurbanipal’s Lion Hunt 128</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1853 Hormuzd Rassam (1826–1910) 131</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1853 The Epic of Gilgamesh 132</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Later archaeological career 134</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1878 Balawat Gates 135</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1879 Cyrus Cylinder 136</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1881 Nabonidus Cylinder 137</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Archaeological reputation 138</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1853 George E. Smith (1840–1876) 139</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The Library of Ashurbanipal 140</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1873 The Story Behind the Epic of Gilgamesh 141</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1876 The Enuma Elish (ca. 1000 BC) 144</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1884 Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy (1844–1920) 147</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1899 Robert Johann Koldewey (1855–1925) 148</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The Jehoiachin‘s Ration Tablet 150</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1889 Sir Ernest A. T. Wallis Budge 1876 (1857-1934) 151</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1901 Gustave Jéquier (1868–1946) 153</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1909 Gertrude Bell (1868–1926) 155</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1912 Arno Poebel (1881–1958) 157</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The Ziusudra (Eridu Genesis) Epic (ca. 1600 BC) 158</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1912–1914 Archaeology and Intelligence Work 159</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1913 Thomas Edward Lawrence (1888-1935) 160</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1922 Herbert Weld-Blundell (1852–1935) 164</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1922 Sir Leonard Woolley (1880-1960) 166</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1925 Edward Chiera (1885–1933) 175</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1929 Agatha Christie (1890–1976) 178</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1929 Max Mallowan (1904–1978) 182</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Nimrud (1949) 184</span></li></ul></ul><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">JORDANIAN DISCOVERIES 186</span></h4><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1868 Frederick Augustus Klein (1827–1903) 187</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1868 The Moabite Stone/The Mesha Stela (1868) 187</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1884 The Madaba Map (1884) 189</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1950 Nelson Glueck (1900-1971) 192</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Nabatean Civilization 192</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1951 Joseph P. Free (1911–1974) 194</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1965 Siegfried S. Horn (1908–1993) 198</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Tall Hesban 200</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1967 Henk J. Franken (The Deir ‘Alla Inscription 201</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1972 Father Michele Piccirillo (1944–2008) 203</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">A Legacy of Early Byzantine Mosaics 204</span></li></ul></ul><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">ANATOLIAN DISCOVERIES 208</span></h4><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1834 Charles Texier (1802–1871) 208</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1863–1874 John Turtle Wood (1821–1890) 209</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1870 Heinrich Schliemann (1822–1890) 211</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1876 Archibald Henry Sayce (1845–1933) 214</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1884 William Wright (1837–1899) 216</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1884 John Henry Haynes (1849–1910) 220</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1886-1911 William Ramsay (1851-1939) 222</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1893 Ernest Chantre (1843–1924) 225</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1906 Hugo Winckler (1863–1913) 227</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1910 Howard Crosby Butler (1872-1922) 231</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1917 Friedrich Hrozný (1879-1952) 233</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1956 George M. A. Hanfmann (1911–1986) 234</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1982 Alan R. Millard (1937–) 235</span></li></ul><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">GREECE EXCAVATIONS</span></h4><ul style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1898 Rufus Richardson (1820–1898) </span></li></ul><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">MINOAN EXCAVATIONS 237</span></h4><ul style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1900 Sir Arthur Evans (1851-1941) 238</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1901 Harriet Boyd-Hawes (1871–1945) 244</span></li></ul><div><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">SYRIAN EXCAVATIONS 235</span></h4><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1928 Claude Frédéric-Armand Schaeffer (1898–1982) 249</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1928 Ugarit Archive or Ras Shamra Tablets 250</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1929 Charles Virolleaud (1879–1968) 254</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Career in Archaeology: 254</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Ras Shamra Excavations: 254</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Contributions to Biblical Archaeology: 255</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Legacy and Impact: 255</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1930 Cyrus H. Gordon (1908–2001) 256</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1933 Andrè Parrot (1901–1980) 258</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1974 Paolo Matthae (1942–) 259</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Ebla Tablets (ca. 2500–2250 BC) 259</span></li></ul></ul><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">PALESTINIAN DISCOVERIES AND EXCAVATIONS 262</span></h4><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1836 Edward Robinson (1794–1863) 263</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1847 1880 Conrad Schick (1822–1901) 265</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1852–1888 Victor Guérin (1821–1890) 268</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1864 Sir Charles Wilson (1836–1905) 269</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1865 Palestine Exploration Fund 272</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1867 Charles Warren (1840-1927) 273</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1867 Warren’s Shaft 274</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1867 Warren’s Gate 277</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1867 Warren’s tunnel 277</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1871 Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau (1846–1923) 280</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1871, 1936 The Soreg Inscription 281</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1872 Claude Reignier Conder (1848-1910) 283</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1874–1877 Horatio Herbert Kitchener (1850-1916) 286</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1878 Wilhelm Fröhner (1834–1925) 288</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1878 The Nazareth Inscription (1878) 289</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1882 Selah Merrill (1837–1909) 290</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1883 General Charles Gordon (1883) 291</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1889 Frederic George Kenyon (1863–1952) 293</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1893 William Francis Lynch (1801–1865) 294</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1899 Frederick J. Bliss (1859–1937) 295</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1908 R. A. S. MacAlister (1870–1950) 297</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1920 William F. Albright (1891-1971). 302</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1924 Shemuel Yeivin (1896–1982) 305</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1927 John Winter Crowfoot (1873-1959) 307</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1930–1936 John Garstang (1876–1956) 309</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1931–1935 Dame Kathleen Kenyon (1906–1978) 314</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1932 James Leslie Starkey (1895–1938) 319</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The Lachish Letters 320</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1932 1941 Eleazar Lipa Sukenik (1889–1953) 323</span></li></ul><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1948 THE NEW STATE OF ISRAEL 326</span></h4><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1936 Benjamin Mazar (1906–1995) 326</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The Israeli Method of Archaeology 328</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1946 Roland de Vaux (1903-1971) 329</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1947 Dead Sea Scrolls 329</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1949 Michael Avi-Yonah (1904–1974) 334</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1950 James B. Pritchard (1909-1997) 335</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1953 Yohanan Aharoni (1919-1976) 337</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1966 Avraham Biran (1909-2008) 339</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1993 The House of David Inscription 339</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1960 Anson F. Rainey (1930–2011) 341</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1968 Vassilios Tzaferis (1936–2015) 342</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1969 Nahman Avigad 1905–1992) 344</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1990 Zvi Greenhut 345</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Caiphas ossuary</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> <br /></span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1961 Antonio Frova (Italian) 346</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1961 The Pontius Pilate Inscription 346</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1956 George Ernest Wright (1897-1974) 349</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1957 Yigael Yadin (1917-1984) 351</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The Four Solomonic Gates (1957–1986) 351</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1975 Ze’ev Mishel </span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The Kuntillet ‘Ajrud Pithoi (1975) 353</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1975 Hershel Shanks (1930–2021) 355</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1976-2012 Israel Finkelstein (1949– present) 356</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1978 Joseph A. Callaway (1920–1988) 358</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Excavation of et-Tel 358</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1978 Ronny Reich (1947– present) 360</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1979 Gabriel Barkay (1944– present) 361</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1979–2003 David Livingston (1925–2005) 364</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The Fortress of Ai (2000) 364</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1980 Adam Zertal (1936–2015) 366</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1982 Moshe (1921-1999) & Trude Dothan (1922–2016) 368</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1985 Bargil Pixner (1921–2002) 370</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1990 Amnon Ben-Tor (1935–2023) 371</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1990 James F. Strange (1938–2018) 374</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1998 Yizhar HIirschfeld (1950–2006) 375<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">2002 Oded Golan (1951–present) 376</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The James Ossuary 377</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Synagogues 380</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">2005 Eilat Mazar (1956–2021) 381</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Large Stone Structure 383</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">2007 Ehud Netzer (1934–2010) 385</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">2016 Amihai Mazar (1942-present) 386</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">2019 Yosef Garfinkel (1956-present) 389</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;">The Khirbet Qeiyafa Inscriptions (2008–2012) 391</span></li></ul></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Notable Living Archaeologists</span></h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">William (Bill) Dever (1933-Present) 408</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">David Ussishkin (1935–Present) 408</span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bryant G. Wood (1936–Present) 409</span><br /></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Alan R. Millard (1937–Present) 409</span><br /></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Edwin M. Yamauchi (1937– Present) 409</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Eric M. Meyers (1942–Present) 409</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Amihai Mazar (1942–Present) 409</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Gabriel Barkay (1944–Present) 409</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Leen Ritmeyer (1945–Present) 409</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Zahi Abass Hawass (1947– Present) 409</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Ronny Reich (1947– Present) 410</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Israel Finkelstein (1949– Present) 410</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Oren Guitfeld (– Present) 410</span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Steven Collins (1951–Present) 410</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jodi Magness (1956–Present) 410</span><br /></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">J. Randall Price (–Present) 410</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Yosef Garfinkel (1956–Present) 410</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Celal Şimşek (1961–Present) 411</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></h3></li><li><h3 style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">David Scott Stripling (1962–Present) 411</span></span><br /></h3></li></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;">Bibliography </h3><h3 style="text-align: left;">Index of Subject<br /></h3>470 Pages<br /><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">Paperback Black & White ISBN: Amazon ASIN: <br />Paperback Colour ISBN: Amazon ASIN: <br />Hard Cover Colour ISBN: Amazon ASIN:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated March, 2024 </div>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-46555637102417172842023-08-26T11:16:00.021-07:002024-02-18T09:03:07.175-08:00Portuguese translation of the Archaeology of the Old Testament<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Gdmudkk1J4AgMhXmCYrM61_YuyJsos6QTD9kJRQquufcECEKrThDCjp1s7G_8dDy233wpPCia_2f96IjffbYCfTP4dIT8_EvX1-wD_FlaltGtMmCts1EloXAYgeMlPea9yaOEYkHpzMHgN2Ja8FoB1XqZ7GjNizmNbHAkiUqkn9D02Z_su8m/s2937/AOT%206X9%203D%20Cover%20Portuguese.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2937" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Gdmudkk1J4AgMhXmCYrM61_YuyJsos6QTD9kJRQquufcECEKrThDCjp1s7G_8dDy233wpPCia_2f96IjffbYCfTP4dIT8_EvX1-wD_FlaltGtMmCts1EloXAYgeMlPea9yaOEYkHpzMHgN2Ja8FoB1XqZ7GjNizmNbHAkiUqkn9D02Z_su8m/s320/AOT%206X9%203D%20Cover%20Portuguese.jpg" width="261" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='441' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyt_vYwY1w0NSr7Ubxq6XxP74LODccfzkFf8eHRmrLHWNgreHUHT525gVBTJriDdMlxFP2kNUKfA4M' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /><a href="https://rumble.com/embed/v3d4zlw/?pub=17mp4x" target="_blank">Video Introduction</a><br /><p></p><p><br />If you’re a reader of <i>Biblical Archaeology</i>, you’ll be pleased to know that I have recently achieved a milestone in my career as a writer – my book, <i><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-archaeology-of-old-testament.html" target="_blank">The Archaeology of the Old Testament</a></i>, has been translated into Portuguese!<br /><br />This is the first time one of my books has been translated into another language, and it was made possible thanks to a student from Brazil, Luca R. Queiroz, and his colleague Douglas Alves de Sousa. They contacted me and asked if I would be interested in such a project, explaining that there were no books currently in Portuguese on Biblical Archaeology. After discussing the project in further detail, I agreed, and the translation process began.<br /><br />The translation was a long and arduous process (3 years), but it was worth it as the book is now available in Portuguese for readers in Brazil and elsewhere. I’m excited to see how this new audience responds to the book. It’s been 32 books since I began my writing career, and I’m proud to have achieved this new milestone.<br /><br />If you’re interested in reading <i><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/12/27-arqueologia-do-antigo-testamento.html" target="_blank">The Archaeology of the Old Testament </a></i>in Portuguese <i>A Arqueologia Do Antigo Testamento: 115 Descobertas Que Apoiam a Confiabilidade da Bíblia</i>, you can find it here on <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CGLCCSL6" target="_blank">Amazon</a>.<br /><br />I hope you enjoy it!</p><p></p><p><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-archaeology-of-old-testament.html" target="_blank">The Archaeology of the Old Testament</a> in English. <br /></p><div></div><div>________</div><div> </div><div> Se você é leitor de Arqueologia Bíblica, ficará satisfeito em saber que recentemente alcancei um marco em minha carreira como escritor – meu livro, <i><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-archaeology-of-old-testament.html" target="_blank">A Arqueologia do Antigo Testamento</a></i>, foi traduzido para o português!<br /><br />Esta é a primeira vez que um dos meus livros é traduzido para outro idioma, e isso foi possível graças a um estudante brasileiro, Luca R. Queiroz, e seu colega Douglas Alves de Sousa. Eles me contataram e perguntaram se eu estaria interessado em tal projeto, explicando que não havia atualmente livros em português sobre Arqueologia Bíblica. Depois de discutir o projeto mais detalhadamente, concordei e o processo de tradução começou.<br /><br />A tradução foi um processo longo e árduo (3 anos), mas valeu a pena, pois o livro já está disponível em português para leitores do Brasil e de outros lugares. Estou animado para ver como esse novo público responde ao livro. Já se passaram 32 livros desde que comecei minha carreira de escritor e estou orgulhoso de ter alcançado esse novo marco.<br /><br />Se você tiver interesse em ler <i><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/12/27-arqueologia-do-antigo-testamento.html" target="_blank">A Arqueologia do Antigo Testamento</a></i> em português A Arqueologia Do Antigo Testamento: 115 Descobertas Que Apoiam a Confiabilidade da Bíblia, você pode encontrá-lo aqui na <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CGLCCSL6" target="_blank">Amazon</a>.<br /><br />Espero que você goste!<br /></div><div> </div><div>______</div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span>Editora: Electronic Christian Media, 2023</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="HwtZe" lang="pt" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Formato 7X10, 298 páginas.</span></span><span class="jCAhz"><span class="ryNqvb"> </span></span></span></div><div><span class="HwtZe" lang="pt" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">Brochura colorida ISBN: </span></span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CGLCCSL6" target="_blank"><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span>979-8859078479</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="HwtZe" lang="pt"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb"> ASIN B0CGLCCSL6 de </span></span></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CGLCCSL6" target="_blank">Amazon</a><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: 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"arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: xx-small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><b> </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span>ISBN de capa mole em preto e branco: em breve</span><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><div><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span><span face=""><span><span face=""><span face="">Cor da capa dura ISBN</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>: Próxima</div><div> </div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: small;">Para artigos e artigos de periódicos, <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text"> consulte Siga-me em Academia.edu</span></a> ou <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Trabalhos selecionados</a> <br /><br />Para livros, consulte <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> ou <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a><br /><br /><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/03/books-by-david-e-graves.html" target="_blank">Para todos os livros do Dr. David E. Graves</a></span></div><br /><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <div><br /></div><p> </p>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-10199590124489584472023-08-21T07:33:00.003-07:002024-02-18T09:03:20.304-08:00Timeline of the Persian Empire<h2 style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJuktMz2YRoqV-Y6v8eiJkh0wXh_5PbZ_GHrGDFruH9U7n-Lw6dsXshPZyx4e-pQ4gmV4Zi6hV1AUBpXbL_08peQQndaGVrDYqDuJ40q6PGHvnAH5q6zDO7nr8XKrxNVxbEDB5uOFPeiHIfZle-tAHb_W2gJ-KXeNn5Us8jZ_aU6bZKgh4vyhX/s2100/TIME4%20Persian%20Rule.%20Powerpoint.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1654" data-original-width="2100" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJuktMz2YRoqV-Y6v8eiJkh0wXh_5PbZ_GHrGDFruH9U7n-Lw6dsXshPZyx4e-pQ4gmV4Zi6hV1AUBpXbL_08peQQndaGVrDYqDuJ40q6PGHvnAH5q6zDO7nr8XKrxNVxbEDB5uOFPeiHIfZle-tAHb_W2gJ-KXeNn5Us8jZ_aU6bZKgh4vyhX/w400-h315/TIME4%20Persian%20Rule.%20Powerpoint.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br />Persian Empire</h2><p><!--[if !mso]>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
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</p><p class="HBNormal1st">While Ezra<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Nehemiah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were originally separate books (see Ezra 2 in
Neh 7:6–70), in the Hebrew Bible and Talmud<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>they were joined together and called Ezra (<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">עֶזְרָא</span>).<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Josephus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(ca. AD
37–100) also mentioned the book of Ezra, assuming that Nehemiah was joined with
it at his time of writing (<i>A.J. </i>11.5). The books were first separated
in the <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Latin Vulgate</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(ca. AD 200), as were 1 and 2 Esdras, by the church<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>father Origen (ca. AD 184/185<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">–</span>253/254).</p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">
</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<div>
<p class="Caption2"><a name="_Toc81510737">147</a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc81510737;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc81510737;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc81510737;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">. </span>The Temple Mount, Jerusalem,
Israel. Excavations on the SE corner of the Temple Mount have revealed
stonework possibly dating to the time of Zerubbabel, the man who led the
first group back from exile and who began rebuilding work on the temple.</span></p>
<p class="PhotoCaptionArialFont">© <span face=""Arial",sans-serif">אסף</span>.<span face=""Arial",sans-serif">צ</span> / Wikimedia Commons</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
The book of Ezra<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was
written in late Hebrew, with a section in Aramaic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(4:8–6, 18; 7:12–26), the international language
of the Persian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Empire. Aramaic was introduced by King Darius
I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as the
diplomatic language throughout the empire. These portions of the text of Ezra
record diplomacy between Syrian kings and the Samaritans, which necessitated the
international language for diplomacy.<p></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">The purpose of the book is to demonstrate that God is
continuing to bless his covenant<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>community and to provide an account of Israel’s return to the and of
promise (538 BC). It also stresses the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem and
the temple, a process led by Ezra<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Nehemiah. It is written from a
religious rather than historical perspective. It places the emphasis upon a
holy nation and a kingdom of priests<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>under God’s holy law.</p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Ezra<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>omits
fifty-eight years from the construction of the second temple<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to Ezra’s return to Jerusalem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in 458 BC with a second group of exiles<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Chs. 7–10). He was able to return after
asking Artaxerxes for permission to return to help bring stability to the
project. However, many stayed behind in Babylon, choosing to support the work
with gifts and money.</p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">During this time, 10,000 people travelled the 1000-mile
distance between Babylon and Jerusalem in four months, under the guiding hand
of God. Upon Ezra’s arrival he learned that many of the people of
Israel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>had
intermarried with the people of Palestine,<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
who practiced pagan religion (9:1–4). Ezra pulled out his beard<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
in despair: they had broken the covenant<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>God had made with His people (9:10-11), and as
a result, the remnant was in danger of God’s judgment. </p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Following Ezra’s prayer of intercession on
behalf of the people, Israel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>expressed the desire to enter a covenant<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with God in which one of the conditions would
be that foreign wives, as well as well as the children born of these mixed
marriages, would be sent away. They came on their own and annulled their
marriages (10:1–44). The people came individually and annulled their marriages
(10:1-44). This move has been much criticised by later scholars, who—from their
own cultural perspective—charge Ezra of strict legalism and overzealous racial
purity. However, it must be stated that this was not Ezra’s motive: instead, he
was zealous for God’s name and for the people to be holy. God's people had
married those who refused to abandon their idolatry, and who were tarnishing the
purity of Israel's worship. How could Israel be used of God if they were locked
into marriage covenants with those following idols? </p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">The book of Ezra<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>displays the sovereignty of God in the human
hearts of rulers and people alike, to move them to accomplish his redemptive
purposes. The Lord moved their spirits to carry out his purposes (1:1; 1:5;
7:9; 7:27)</p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
The two books may have been combined in an effort to correspond the number of
the canonical books with the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Young, <i>An
Introduction to the Old Testament</i>, 400.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Damiel L.
Smith-Christopher, “The Mixed Marriage Crisis in Ezra<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9–10 and Nehemiah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>13: A Study of the Sociology of Post-Exilic
Judaean Community,” in <i>Second Temple Studies: Vol. 2: Temple and Community
in the Persian</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Period</i>, ed. Tamara C. Eskenazi and Kent H.
Richards, LHBOTS 175 (Bloomington, IN: T&T Clark, 2009), 243–65.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Michael Heltzer,
“The Flogging and Plucking of Beards in the Achaemenid Empire and the
Chronology of Nehemiah,” <i>AMitI</i> 28 (1996):
305–7.</p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p>
</div>
</div>
Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-54192417399879945182023-08-20T20:36:00.005-07:002024-02-18T09:03:32.748-08:00Timeline of the United Kingdom<h2 style="text-align: left;"> <a name="_Toc81510489">United Monarchy</a></h2>
<p class="HBNormal1st"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifzc8GdJGAJbC5L3X9F4sEsyf8wq7nrSXwoXhfHNqrv3LbRQ9QXdBaCy4Qgq6JxJnbhQBQrWq8DsxlsxapmfyzOjj7B3fZYNEJ65QXMsnbwRYmmCr-yGOOEuKJIzetkHu37G5dTNqr4PKG_VCIlpTTlOXL5-ieKJtQ2tz7YvtVkYOo8sNs7IOi/s1255/TIME3%20United%20Monarchy%20Powerpoint.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1255" data-original-width="1228" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifzc8GdJGAJbC5L3X9F4sEsyf8wq7nrSXwoXhfHNqrv3LbRQ9QXdBaCy4Qgq6JxJnbhQBQrWq8DsxlsxapmfyzOjj7B3fZYNEJ65QXMsnbwRYmmCr-yGOOEuKJIzetkHu37G5dTNqr4PKG_VCIlpTTlOXL5-ieKJtQ2tz7YvtVkYOo8sNs7IOi/w391-h400/TIME3%20United%20Monarchy%20Powerpoint.JPG" width="391" /></a></div><br />With the discovery of the Tel Dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>stele in 1993,<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
the extreme minimalist<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>view of Ussishkin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and others was challenged, since the phrase
“house of David”<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
(Heb.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>bytdwd</i>),
was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>identified as part of the inscription.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
David’s reign has now also been
identified on line 31 of the Mesha Stele.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Amihai Mazar described the implications of this discovery: “It means that about
140 years after the presumed end of David’s reign, in the region David<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was well-known as founder of the dynasty that
ruled a kingdom centered in Jerusalem.”<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><p></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">In spite of these significant discoveries some scholars
insisted that the inscription<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>only proved that Judah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>existed and they continued to deny that David<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was an historical figure.<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Some, like Israel Finkelstein, from Tel Aviv University,
while not denying David<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Solomon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as historical figures, challenged their
biblical portrayal. For Finkelstein, David<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is not a powerful king ruling a large kingdom,
but instead little more than a tribal chief, ruling over a small tribe of
bandits.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Amihai Mazar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>explains how Finkelstein<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>arrived at this popular view: </p>
<p class="GPNormalQuote">Israel Finkelstein<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has suggested lowering the chronology<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of archaeological assemblages in Israel that
were traditionally attributed to the twelfth to tenth centuries by seventy-five
to one hundred years. This wholesale lowering of dates results in the removal
of archaeological assemblages from the tenth century that have served for about
half a century of scholarship as the bases for the archaeological portrait or
paradigm of Solomon’s kingdom. This suggested
“low Chronology”<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
supposedly supports the replacement of this paradigm by a new one, . . .
according to which the kingdom of David<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Solomon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>either did not exist or comprised at best a
small local entity.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">The popular deconstruction of the biblical view of David<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Solomon, involving low chronology, has led to a heated debate.<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
However, there is evidence of the prominence of the City of David<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the tenth to nineth cent. BC<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Iron 2A) that has been verified by several
recent discoveries.</p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
While this inscription<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was widely debated, Grabbe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maintains that “it is now widely regarded (a)
as genuine and (b) as referring to the Davidic dynasty and the Aramaic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kingdom of Damascus.” Grabbe, <i>Ahab</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Agonistes</i>, 333.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kitchen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>also points out the possible mention of the
“highland/heights of David” in the Sheshonq<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Relief. Kenneth A. Kitchen, “A Possible Mention of David<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the Late Tenth Century BCE, and Deity *Dod
as Dead as the Dodo,” <i>JSOT</i>, no. 76 (1997): 39–41.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Anson Rainey<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has commented that “[Philip] Davies and his
‘deconstructionists’ [Thomas L. Thompson] can safely be
ignored by everyone seriously interested in Biblical and ancient Near Eastern
studies.” Rainey, “The
‘House of David’ and the House of the
Deconstructionists,” 47; Avraham Biran and Joseph Naveh, “An Aramaic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stele Fragment from Tel Dan,” <i>IEJ</i> 43, no. 2/3
(January 1, 1993): 81–98; “The Tel Dan Inscription: A New Fragment,” <i>IEJ</i>
45, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 1–18; Millard, “The Tell Dan Stele,” 2:161–62; George Athas, <i>The
Tel Dan Inscription: A Reappraisal and a New Introduction</i>, JSOTSup 360 (New
York: Bloomsbury, 2006); Hallvard Hagelia, <i>Tel Dan Inscription: A Critical
Investigation of Recent Research on Its Palaeography & Philology</i>,
Studia Semitica Upsaliensia 22 (Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet, 2006).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
LeMaire, “‘House
of David’ Restored in Moabite<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inscription,” 30–37; Rainey, “The ‘House of
David’ and the House of the
Deconstructionists,” 47; Eveline J. Van Der Steen and Klaas A. D. Smelik, “King
Mesha and the Tribe of Dibon,” <i>JSOT</i> 32, no. 2 (2007): 139–62.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Amihai Mazar,
“Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy,” in <i>One God - One Cult -
One Nation: Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives</i>, ed. Reinhard Gregor
Kratz and Hermann Spieckermann, BZAW 405 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011), 30.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Niels Peter
Lemche, <i>The Old Testament between Theology and History: A Critical Survey</i>
(Louisville, KY: Westminster/Knox, 2008), 115.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Israel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finkelstein<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Neil Asher Silberman, <i>David</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Solomon</i><i>: In Search of the
Bible’s Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition</i> (New York: Free
Press, 2007), 50–53.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Israel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finkelstein, “The Date of the Philistine<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Settlement in Canaan,” <i>Tel Aviv</i> 22 (1995):
213–39; “The Archaeology of the United Monarchy: An Alternative View,” <i>Levant</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>28, no. 1 (January 1996): 177–87.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Amihai Mazar, “The
Search for David<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Solomon: An Archaeological
Perspective,” in <i>The Quest for the Historical Israel</i>, ed. Israel Finkelstein<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Brian B. Schmidt, Archaeology and Biblical
Studies 17 (Atlanta: SBL, 2007), 119–20; Seters, <i>The Biblical Saga of King
David</i>, xii.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
On the debate over the high and low chronology<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>see: Israel Finkelstein, “Philistine<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chronology: High, Middle or Low?,” in <i>Mediterranean
Peoples in Transition, 13th to 10th Centuries BC</i>, ed. Ephraim Stern,
Seymour Gitin, and Amihai Mazar (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society,
1998), 140–47; “Hazor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the
North in the Iron Age:
A Low Chronology Perspective,” <i>OR</i> 314 (1999): 55–70; Amnon Ben-Tor, “Hazor and the Chronology of
Northern Israel: A Reply to Israel Finkelstein,” <i>OR</i> 317 (2000): 9–16;
Ernst Axel Knauf, “The Low Chronology and How Not to Deal with It,” <i>BN</i>
101 (2000): 56–63; “Low and Lower? New Data on Early Iron Age Chronology from
Beth Shean, Tel Rehov and Dor,” <i>BN</i> 112 (2002):
21–27; Amihai Mazar, “The Debate over the Chronology of the Iron Age in the
Southern Levant,” in <i>The Bible and
Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science</i>, ed. Thomas E. Levy and
Thomas Higham (London: Routledge, 2014), 15–30; Lester L. Grabbe, <i>Ancient
Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?</i> (New York: Bloomsbury,
2008), 12–16; Amihai Mazar, “The Spade and the Text: The Interaction between
Archaeology and Israelite<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>History Relating to the Tenth-Ninth Centuries
BCE,” in <i>Understanding the History of Ancient Israel</i>, ed. H. G. M.
Williamson, Proceedings of the British Academy 143 (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2007), 143–71.</p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJQYMFpW91BmW3IFw9y9DR7dpqlZuC1cH7x4EykXrqjRdJC3M2h-q9qy5--3xguCL9wD2zkFr2-GXwDT9-WOwbtMweI1aysaYtgl9y01jE9N_EQxnCnejIzTJ9uDMc8GVBCi9YDcEkomUHz-Ej-WzG5UJXNU52v9UlAhMsEAxXDSauy6c55D6s/s2992/Cover7X10%20OT%20Archaeology%203D%20Cover2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2992" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJQYMFpW91BmW3IFw9y9DR7dpqlZuC1cH7x4EykXrqjRdJC3M2h-q9qy5--3xguCL9wD2zkFr2-GXwDT9-WOwbtMweI1aysaYtgl9y01jE9N_EQxnCnejIzTJ9uDMc8GVBCi9YDcEkomUHz-Ej-WzG5UJXNU52v9UlAhMsEAxXDSauy6c55D6s/s320/Cover7X10%20OT%20Archaeology%203D%20Cover2.jpg" width="257" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"> From <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-archaeology-of-old-testament.html" target="_blank"><i>The Archaeology of the Old Testament</i></a> pp. 119-120.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"> <span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">Modified </span><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">August 20, 2023. Copyright <span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>
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Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-89666043537288405312023-08-20T17:07:00.005-07:002024-02-18T09:03:53.412-08:00Timeline of the Divided Kingdom<h2 style="text-align: left;">Divided Kingdom</h2><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<h3 class="GPSectionHeading" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc513040686"></a><a name="_Toc81510519"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc513040686;">Northern Kingdom</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc81510519;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc513040686;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc81510519;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc513040686;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– Israel</span></span></h3>
<p class="HBNormal1st">The status of the Northern Kingdom<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Israel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as a well-established state in the ninth to
eighth cent. BC (<i>ca.</i> 922–721 BC) is accepted by most scholars due to
the mention of king Ahab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the Kurkh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>stele<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>monolithic inscription<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Shalmaneser III (853 BC; fig.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">111</span>),
that mentions Ahab’s large number of chariots<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the battle against the Assyrians<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at the battle of Qarqar. Inscriptional evidence is
also found in the Mesha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stele,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that refers to King Ahab’s conquest<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of northern Moab, in the Tel Dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>inscription (fig.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">90</span>),
that likely mentions Jehoram, the last king of the Omride<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dynasty; and on the Black Obelisk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Shalmaneser<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>III (figs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">112</span>,
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">113</span>),
on which King Jehu’s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>surrender
to the Assyrian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>king is mentioned.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[A]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Mazar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>also reports on the archaeological evidence
for the existence of Israel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the ninth and eighth cent. BC:</p>
<p class="GPNormalQuote">Excavations at a number of other major cities in the
Northern Kingdom<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>like Dan, Hazor, Megiddo, Yoqne<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">ʿ</span>am, Taanack, Beth-shean, Re<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">ḥ</span>ōv, Dothan, Tell el-Far<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">ʿ</span>ah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Tirzah), Shechem, Dor, and Gezer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as well as surface surveys in the Galilee<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Samaria<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hills and excavations in village sites, farms
and citadels, reveal a flourishing kingdom with a complex and dense
hierarchical settlement system, immense population growth, expanding
international trade relations, a flourishing artistic tradition and the
increasing use of writing during the ninth and eighth centuries.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[B]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Thus, scholars largely accept the existence of the
Northern Kingdom<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Israel.</p>
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<h2 class="GPSectionHeading" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc513040702"></a><a name="_Toc81510535"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc513040702;">Southern Kingdom – Judah</span></a></h2>
<p class="HBNormal1st">There is growing archaeological evidence to support the
biblical period of the southern kingdom that spans from Iron Age<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 to Iron Age 2.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mazar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>describes the issues confusing this debate:</p>
<p class="GPNormalQuote">Unlike its northern sister, Judah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>did not suffer from any severe military<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>attacks until Sennacherib’s invasion in 701 B.C.E., and
Jerusalem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was not noticeably affected even by that
invasion. The lack of destruction layers and the durability of massive stone
buildings in the Judean hills and the Shephelah indicate that the same stone
buildings were in use for a long period of time. There is also considerable
longevity in the pottery<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>production in Judah: the changes were gradual,
covering a long period of time. This longevity of the material culture<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Judah has blinded the eyes of
archaeologists who wish to define in detail the development of Judean material
culture in the ninth century as opposed to that of the previous or later
centuries. It appears that cities and towns were founded in the late-tenth or
ninth century when Sennacherib<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>destroyed many of them. This can be
demonstrated in Jerusalem, Beth-shemesh, Lachish, Tell Beit Mirsim, and other sites where only
few occupation strata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are attributed to these centuries.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mazar, “Divided Monarchy,” 164–66.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid., 164.</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[A]</span></span></span></span></a>
Brad E. Kelle, “What’s in a Name? Neo-Assyrian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Designations for the Northern Kingdom<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Their Implications for Israelite<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>History and Biblical Interpretation,” <i>JBL</i>
121, no. 4 (Winter 2002): 636–66; Albert Kirk Grayson, <i>Assyrian</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I
(858-745 BC)</i>, vol. 1, The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods 2 (Toronto,
Can.: University of Toronto Press, 1991).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[B]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mazar, “The Divided Monarchy,” 163.</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJQYMFpW91BmW3IFw9y9DR7dpqlZuC1cH7x4EykXrqjRdJC3M2h-q9qy5--3xguCL9wD2zkFr2-GXwDT9-WOwbtMweI1aysaYtgl9y01jE9N_EQxnCnejIzTJ9uDMc8GVBCi9YDcEkomUHz-Ej-WzG5UJXNU52v9UlAhMsEAxXDSauy6c55D6s/s2992/Cover7X10%20OT%20Archaeology%203D%20Cover2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2992" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJQYMFpW91BmW3IFw9y9DR7dpqlZuC1cH7x4EykXrqjRdJC3M2h-q9qy5--3xguCL9wD2zkFr2-GXwDT9-WOwbtMweI1aysaYtgl9y01jE9N_EQxnCnejIzTJ9uDMc8GVBCi9YDcEkomUHz-Ej-WzG5UJXNU52v9UlAhMsEAxXDSauy6c55D6s/s320/Cover7X10%20OT%20Archaeology%203D%20Cover2.jpg" width="257" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"> From <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-archaeology-of-old-testament.html" target="_blank"><i>The Archaeology of the Old Testament</i></a> pp. 119-120.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"> <span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">Modified </span><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">August 20, 2023. Copyright <span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>
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Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-41749768650485437122023-08-20T16:31:00.004-07:002023-08-21T07:26:14.437-07:00Timeline of the Judges<h2 style="text-align: left;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6lsyVKi9F69PlrV4SzUq_jjulw71DcjbFzMhWtTlqqptKbqF_vsrk6169qEAmEdTPeZRgalxnkdL_AQm9vt0tnr3pekQWW5rssw7R1yWdtMSP9pVmWyebcRnv24ND7giFl8UwiAyujp4GaKilZWb3TCIRDptYeEsY4PXbPlXbug_MutictKYB/s2100/TIME2%20Judges%20Powerpoint.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="2100" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6lsyVKi9F69PlrV4SzUq_jjulw71DcjbFzMhWtTlqqptKbqF_vsrk6169qEAmEdTPeZRgalxnkdL_AQm9vt0tnr3pekQWW5rssw7R1yWdtMSP9pVmWyebcRnv24ND7giFl8UwiAyujp4GaKilZWb3TCIRDptYeEsY4PXbPlXbug_MutictKYB/s320/TIME2%20Judges%20Powerpoint.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />Timeline of the Judges</h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"> <a name="_Toc81510466">Entering the Promised Land (Josh
2:1; 3:1)</a></h3>
<p class="HBNormal1st">Abel-Shittim<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Heb.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meaning “Accacias of Mourning”),<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
which is the location of Israel’s encampment prior to
entering the Promised Land<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Num 25:1, Deut 34:9; Josh 2:1; 3:1), is
identified by most scholars as the Late Bronze Age<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>area around Tall el-<span style="font-family: Gentium; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ḥ</span>amm<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">â</span>m<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(fig. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">41</span>
and <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">44</span>).
However, only recently has the site been excavated.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
It is significant that no Late Bronze occupation was discovered at TeH.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Collins<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reports that after eight seasons of excavation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at TeH and thousands of sherds<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Late Bronze Age<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sherds<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are extremely rare in the area, and there is
no discernable LBA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>architecture thus far (the only LBA sherds<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from around the site were found in a tomb).”<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd"> One might conclude from the “Late Bronze Gap,”<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
as it is called, that Moses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the Israelites were never in the region.
However, in the Late Bronze Age, Moses described the area around Abel-Shittim, below Mount Pisgah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(beside Mount Nebo), as a desert, wasteland, and as
uninhabited (Num 21:20; 22:1), and nomadic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tent dwellers would not have built permanent
structures that would have survived. What have survived are several LBA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>shaft tombs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>identified from the pottery<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>remains.<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Also among the items uncovered in the area is a “highly detailed steatite seal
[scarab] of Hyksos<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Egyptian Amenhotep<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>III] design from the second half of the Middle
Bronze<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Age.”<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
One wonders if it was brought during the Exodus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from Egypt<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>among the belongings of the Israelites. </p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd"> The absence of evidence in this case is significant. While
Moses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>described
the area around Abel-Shittim<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as uninhabited in the LBA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Num 21:20; 22:1), the Israelite<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>presence at Abel-Shittim is corroborated by
the identification of LBA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tombs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>containing Egyptian possessions and a small
free-standing LB guard tower on the acropolis of Tall el-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Ḥ</span>amm<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">â</span>m (identified as Abel-Shittim).<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Selah Merrill,
“Modern Researches in Palestine,” <i>Journal of the American Geographical
Society of New York</i> 9 (1877): 117; “Modern Researches in Palestine,” <i>PEFSt.</i>
11, no. 1 (1879): 144; Thomson, <i>Land and the Book: Lebanon, Damascus</i><i>, and Beyond Jordan</i>,
3:3:669; Nelson Glueck, <i>Explorations in Eastern
Palestine IV. Part 1</i>, AASOR 25-28 (New Haven, CT: ASOR, 1945), 378; “Some
Ancient Towns in the Plains of Moab,” <i>OR</i> 91 (1943): 15; J. Maxwell
Miller and Gene M. Tucker, <i>The Book of Joshua</i>, The Cambridge Bible
Commentary of the English Bible (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press,
1974), 199; R. K. Harrison, “Shittim,” in <i>NIDBA</i>, 413; Khouri, <i>Antiquities
of the Jordan Rift Valley</i>, 76; Burton MacDonald, <i>East of the Jordan:
Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures</i>, ed. Victor H. Matthews,
ASOR Books 6 (Boston, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2000), 90;
Walter C. Kaiser, Jr. and Duane Garrett, eds., <i>NIV Archaeological Study
Bible: An Illustrated Walk Through Biblical History and Culture</i> (Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 2006), 233.<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kay Prag, “The
Excavations at Tell Al-Hammam,” <i>Syria</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>70, no. 1–2 (1990): 271–73; “Preliminary
Report on the Excavations at Tell Iktanu and Tall el-Hammam, Jordan 1990,” <i>Levant</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>23 (1991): 55–66; “Tell Iktanu and Tell
Al-Hammam. Excavations in Jordan,” <i>Manchester Archaeological Bulletin</i> 7
(1992): 15–19; Collins<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al.,</i>
“Tall el-Hammam, Season Eight, 2013.”</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Collins, Hamdan, and Byers, “Tall
el-Hammam: Preliminary Report on Four Seasons of Excavation (2006–2009),” 388;
Collins<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Scott, <i>Discovering the City of Sodom</i>, 95, 98, 144, 157–58.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Collins<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al.,</i>
“Tall el-Hammam, Season Eight, 2013,” 4.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Flanagan,
McCreery, and Yassine, “Tell Nimrin: Preliminary Report on the 1993 Season,”
207, 219; Flanagan, McCreery, and Yassine, “Tall Nimrin,” 286.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Collins<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al.,</i>
“Tall el-Hammam, Season Eight, 2013,” 4.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Collins<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Scott, <i>Discovering the City of Sodom</i>, 33, 175.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Collins, “Tall el-Hammam Is Sodom,” 8.; Steven Collins et al., “Tall
El-Hammam Season Ten, 2015: Excavation, Survey, Interpretations And Insights,” <i>BRB</i>
15, no. 1 (2015): 4.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJQYMFpW91BmW3IFw9y9DR7dpqlZuC1cH7x4EykXrqjRdJC3M2h-q9qy5--3xguCL9wD2zkFr2-GXwDT9-WOwbtMweI1aysaYtgl9y01jE9N_EQxnCnejIzTJ9uDMc8GVBCi9YDcEkomUHz-Ej-WzG5UJXNU52v9UlAhMsEAxXDSauy6c55D6s/s2992/Cover7X10%20OT%20Archaeology%203D%20Cover2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2992" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJQYMFpW91BmW3IFw9y9DR7dpqlZuC1cH7x4EykXrqjRdJC3M2h-q9qy5--3xguCL9wD2zkFr2-GXwDT9-WOwbtMweI1aysaYtgl9y01jE9N_EQxnCnejIzTJ9uDMc8GVBCi9YDcEkomUHz-Ej-WzG5UJXNU52v9UlAhMsEAxXDSauy6c55D6s/s320/Cover7X10%20OT%20Archaeology%203D%20Cover2.jpg" width="257" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"> From <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-archaeology-of-old-testament.html" target="_blank"><i>The Archaeology of the Old Testament</i></a> pp. 119-120.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"> <span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">Modified </span><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">August 20, 2023. Copyright <span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>
2023 <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2016/10/ecm-company.html" target="_blank">Electronic Christian Media</a></span></p><p><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"> ____________</span></p><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br />For Books see <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/03/books-by-david-e-graves.html" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div></div>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-88556604314933005392023-08-20T16:13:00.012-07:002023-09-03T09:54:23.123-07:00 Languages of the Bible<h2 style="text-align: left;"> <a name="_Toc81510375"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc365486940;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc344522912;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc344522448;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc344521978;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc344520108;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc344166576;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc242031668;">Languages of the Bible</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a>
</h2>
<p class="HBNormal1st">
</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Originally God communicated his revelation in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>three languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. Thus, biblical texts can be
found in all three of these languages, as well as translated into other
languages, such as Copitc, Latin, Syriac, and etc. <br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc81510376;">Semitic</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc81510376;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc81510376;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Languages</span></h3>
<p></p>
<p class="HBNormal1st">Hebrew and Aramaic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are <i>Semitic</i> languages<i>,</i> named after
the descendants of Shem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Gen 10).
Other Semitic languages include Phoenician, Assyrian, Arabic, Akkadian, Ethiopic, Sumerian (fig. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">6</span>), Ugaritic, Moabite, and Babylonian. All of these languages are
read from right to left except Akkadian and Ethiopic, which were the first languages
to indicate vowels. There is a common cultural life because of the common
language. Sumerian, Greek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and
English are Indo-European languages and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>not Semitic.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Egyptian hieroglyphics</h3><p>Egyptian Hieroglyphics is a script consisting of about 700 stylized pictures or signs, mostly word-signs and syllabic signs. Many scholars believe the first alphabet was created to record West Semitic—a language group that includes Hebrew, Phoenician and Ugaritic, among others—about the middle of the second millennium B.C. In this system, fewer than 30 characters are used to record speech, with each character representing a consonant. Appropriate vowels must be supplied by the reader. By 1400 B.C., the inhabitants of Ugarit, in modern Syria, were recording their own West Semitic language with about 27 wedge-shaped cuneiform signs.<span style="font-size: x-small;">[A]</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Phoenician Alphabet</h3><p>The Phoenician alphabet developed from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, which was created sometime between the 18th and 17th Centuries BC. The earliest known inscriptions in Phoenician come from Byblos and date back to the 1000 BC. <br /> Notable Features - The Phoenician alphabet consists of 22 letters, many of which have a number of different forms, and does not indicate vowel sounds. The names of the letters are the same as those used in Hebrew.</p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><h3 class="GPSubsectionHeading" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc81510377">Cuneiform Script</a></h3>
<p class="HBNormal1st"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOLc0_7Oa39lY0VWEXVI8eDMDHmbiWu1DwWO0SAazxduG7sI6axe-nWQGD4WDbjVKeeWEGDi78cQVU4R3N4gNSV7I8SLbG6gy3ecuWwi0i8uo946gVK05wLifPOU3pClogLnHAMsbCql9Zz-MiJF5wgbCAw_o9muabcG2WXgEIHohCtCsxzaya/s2514/Semitic%20Languages%20Timeline3.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1400" data-original-width="2514" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOLc0_7Oa39lY0VWEXVI8eDMDHmbiWu1DwWO0SAazxduG7sI6axe-nWQGD4WDbjVKeeWEGDi78cQVU4R3N4gNSV7I8SLbG6gy3ecuWwi0i8uo946gVK05wLifPOU3pClogLnHAMsbCql9Zz-MiJF5wgbCAw_o9muabcG2WXgEIHohCtCsxzaya/w400-h223/Semitic%20Languages%20Timeline3.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>The cuneiform<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(cursive<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wedge-shaped) script can be traced back to
Egyptian hieroglyphs, though the phonetic values
are dependent on the <i>acrophonic</i> principle of the Proto-Canaanite<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alphabet<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(LBA). For example, the letter A,
represents the sound “a”, while the pictogram representing an ox is pronounced
as <i>‘alp</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">. Ancient Hebrew</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Phoenician</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are based on the Proto-Canaanite</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>language (fig. </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">6</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">, </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">95</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">, </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">98</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">, and </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">103</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">) and this family of languages are the
first to adopt a Semitic</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alphabet</span>.<p></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd"> One might wonder why sometimes the spelling of the names
in the ancient texts differs from the way they are spelled in the Bible. The
main reason is that the ancient languages were more spoken than written. People
spelled words the way they sounded, and because of different accents similar
words with the same meaning were often spelled a bit differently. There was no standardization of spelling, much like it is today with British and American
words (colour and colour). Thus, sometimes it is difficult to know if the person
or place names in the tablets<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are the same as in the Bible. One good example
is found in the Ebla<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tablets and the possible mention of Sodom.</p><p class="HBNormal2nd"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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</p><h3 class="GPSubsectionHeading" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc81510378">History of Hebrew</a></h3>
<p class="HBNormal1st">The majority of the OT was written in Hebrew<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with small portions written in Aramaic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Gen 31:47b; Jer 10:11b; Ezra<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4–7; Dan 2–7; See <i>Aramaic)</i>. One of the
earliest Hebrew inscriptions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yet discovered is by Yosef Garfinkel, the Israeli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>director of the Khirbet Qeiyafa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>excavation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2007). It dates to around 1,000–975 BC (see <i>Khirbet
Qeiyafa</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ostracon</i>).<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">For Jews, Hebrew<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was “the language of sanctity, the holy
tongue” (<i>m.</i> <i>Sotah</i> 7:2). This fact helps to explain the reason
for the care exercised by the scribes to ensure the precision of the Hebrew
text down through the generations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm;"><a name="_Toc242031670"><span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;"> </span></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc242031670;"></span>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Writing was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>well-established in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Palestine<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>while Israel was ruling there, evident from
the many inscriptions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that have been discovered from that period
(see <i>Paleo-Hebrew</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>inscriptions</i> below).<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Diringer indicated that the Bible has “as many as 429 references to writing or
written documents.”<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> An early criticism of the
Bible was that it could not have been written as early as it stated because
writing was not used until much later. However, according to Diringer in 1934
there were “about 300 Early Hebrew inscriptions, ostraca, seals<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ca.</i>
150+], jar-handle-stamps [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ca.</i> 600+],
weights [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ca.</i> 100+], and so on.”<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Today there are hundreds more.</p>
<h3 class="GPSubsubsectionHeading" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc81510379">Paleo-Hebrew</a></h3>
<p class="HBNormal1st">Also known as Old Hebrew<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or Archaic Biblical Hebrew (tenth to
sixth cent. BC), Paleo-Hebrew<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is descended from the Canaanite<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Phoenician) alphabet.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Diringer explains that: “We may assume that about 1000 BC, after the united
kingdom had been established and its centralised administation organised by
King David<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with a staff of secretaries (see, for
instance, 2 Sam 8:17 and 20:25), the Early Hebrew alphabet<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>had begun its autonomous development.”<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">By the fifth cent. it was no longer used by the Jews, who had adopted the Aramaic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alphabet<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for their system of writing. However, a small
group of modern Samaritans still use a derivative of the old Paleo-Hebrew<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>script known as the Samaritan alphabet. Some
examples of this early Hebrew script can be found in the Siloam Tunnel
Inscription<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
(1880, lapidary style <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ca.</i> 700 BC;
fig. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">132</span>),
the Gezer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Calendar<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
(1908; fig. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">82</span>),
the Lachish<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Letters<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or ostraca<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
(1935–1938, cursive<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>style sixth cent. BC; fig. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">137</span>),
Lachish Step inscription<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1938), Tel Dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>stele<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
(1993–94; fig. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">90</span>),
and Tel Zayit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abecedary (2006). It is also unlikely that
reading and writing were only confined to the professional scribe, as Albright<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>states: </p>
<p class="GPNormalQuote">Since the forms of the letters are very simple, the 22
letter alphabet<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>could be learned in a day or two by a bright
student and in a week or two by the dullest; hence it could spread with great
rapidity. I do not doubt for a moment that there were many urchins . . . who
could read and write as early as the time of the Judges, although I do not
believe that the script was used for formal literature until later.<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Footnotes</h3><p>[A] Hershal Shanks. <i>Archaeology Odyssey </i>01:01 2004. Biblical Archaeology Society</p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Gershon Galil, “The Hebrew Inscription from
Khirbet Qeiyafa/Neta’im: Script, Language, Literature and History,” <i>UF</i>
41 (2009): 193–242; S. H. William, “The Qeiyafa Ostracon,” <i>UF</i> 41 (2009):
601–10; Haggai Misgav, Yosef Garfinkel, and Saar Ganor, “The
Ostracon,” in <i>Khirbet Qeiyafa: Excavation Report 2007-2008</i>, ed. Yosef
Garfinkel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Saar Ganor, vol. 1 (Jerusalem, Israel: Israel Exploration Society,
2010), 143–60; Hershel Shanks, “Prize Find: Oldest Hebrew
Inscription Discovered in Israelite<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fort on Philistine<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Border,” <i>BAR</i> 36, no. 2 (April 2010):
51–55; Christopher A. Rollston, “The Khirbet Qeiyafa Ostracon: Methodological
Musings and Caveats,” <i>Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv
University</i> 38, no. 1 (2011): 67–82; Aaron Demsky, “An Iron Age<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IIA Alphabetic Writing Exercise from Khirbet
Qeiyafa,” <i>IEJ</i> 62, no. 2 (2012): 186–99; Israel Finkelstein<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Alexander Fantalkin, “Khirbet Qeiyafa: An Unsensational Archaeological
and Historical Interpretation,” <i>Tel Aviv</i> 39 (2012): 38–63.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Alan R. Millard, “An Assessment of the
Evidence for Writing in Ancient Israel,” in <i>Biblical Archaeology
Today, Proceedings of the International Congress on Biblical Archaeology,
Jerusalem</i>, ed. Avraham Biran
(Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1985), 98.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
David Diringer,
“The Biblical Scripts,” in <i>CHB</i>, 1:13.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Diringer, “The
Biblical Scripts,” in <i>CHB</i>, 1:13; <i>Le Iscrizioni Antico-Ebraiche
Palestinesi</i> (Florence, Italy: Le Monnier, 1934).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Edward Yechezkel
Kutscher, <i>A History of the Hebrew Language</i> (Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magnes
Press, 1982), 1; Angel Sáenz-Badillos, <i>A History of the Hebrew Language</i>,
trans. John Elwolde (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 1–45;
Benjamin Sass, <i>The Alphabet at the Turn of the Millennium: West Semitic</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alphabet CA 1150-850 BCE</i>, Tel Aviv
Occasional Publications 4 (Tel-Aviv: Institute of Archaeology, 2009).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Diringer, “The
Biblical Scripts,” in <i>CHB</i>, 1:13; Alan R. Millard, “The Practice of Writing in
Ancient Israel,” <i>BA</i> 35, no. 4 (1972):
98–111.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
“The Siloam Inscription,” trans. W. F. Albright (<i>ANET</i>, 321); C. Schick,
“Phoenician<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inscription in the Pool of Siloam,” <i>PEQ</i> 12, no. 4
(1880): 238–39; Robert B. Coote, “Siloam Inscription,” <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">in <i>ABD,</i></span> 6:23–24; Mitchell J. Dahood, “Siloam
Inscription,” in <i>NCE,</i> 13:120; R. I. Altman, “Some Notes on
Inscriptional Genres and the Siloam Tunnel Inscription,” <i>Antiquo Oriente</i>
5 (2007): 35–88.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
“The Gezer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Calendar,”
trans. W. F. Albright (<i>ANET</i>, 320); Daniel Sivan, “The
Gezer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Calendar
and Northwest Semitic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Linguistics,” <i>IEJ</i> 48, no. 1–2 (1998):
101–105; William F. Albright, “The Gezer Calendar,” <i>OR</i>
92 (1943): 16–26.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">André LeMaire, <i>Inscriptions Hébraïques.
I. Les Ostraca.</i>, vol. 1, Littératures Anciennes Du Proche-Orient 9 (Paris:
Les Éditions du Cerf, 1977); Anson F. Rainey, “Watching for the Signal Fires of
Lachish,” <i>PEQ</i> 119 (1987): 149–51.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Rainey, “The
‘House of David’ and the House of the Deconstructionists,”
47; André LeMaire, “‘House of David’ Restored in Moabite<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inscription,” <i>BAR</i> 20, no. 3 (1994):
30–37; Alan R. Millard, “The Tell Dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stele,” trans. Miriam Lichtheim (<i>COS</i> 2:161–62);
Lester L. Grabbe, <i>Ahab</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri
Dynasty</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(New York: Continuum International, 2007),
333.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
William F.
Albright<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Benno Landsberger, “Scribal Concepts of
Education,” in <i>City Invincible: A Symposium on Urbanization and Cultural
Development in the Ancient Near East. Held at the Oriental Institute of the
University of Chicago</i><i>, December 4-7, 1958</i>,
ed. Carl H. Kraeling and Robert M. Adams (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1960), 123.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="HBNormal2nd"> <span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><br />
Modified </span><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">August 20, 2023. Copyright <span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>
2023 <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2016/10/ecm-company.html" target="_blank">Electronic Christian Media</a></span></p><p><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"> ____________</span></p><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br />For Books see <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/03/books-by-david-e-graves.html" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div></div><br />Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-81509405219795673412023-08-20T15:32:00.006-07:002024-02-18T09:04:04.089-08:00Timeline of the Patriarchs<h2 style="text-align: left;"> Timeline of the Patriarchs</h2><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtANnMjo_wPDPBLDAQJ-_Ehj4Fx-PggWRpnh9jtS65WCPkgtwtIjv1k9AJP5Xv1ZvNa_4-Uogmt1uozcjfuuyVfDljl8jpc38UNBEG5kDKufHZUX1hoPs864BffQQYwfoh8Lvm_nEvLVdoD6AAqds7jw1EuvfPBrMnZos8V82qu76YZEp1hqCM/s2196/TIME1%20Patriarchs%20PowerPoint.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1460" data-original-width="2196" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtANnMjo_wPDPBLDAQJ-_Ehj4Fx-PggWRpnh9jtS65WCPkgtwtIjv1k9AJP5Xv1ZvNa_4-Uogmt1uozcjfuuyVfDljl8jpc38UNBEG5kDKufHZUX1hoPs864BffQQYwfoh8Lvm_nEvLVdoD6AAqds7jw1EuvfPBrMnZos8V82qu76YZEp1hqCM/w400-h266/TIME1%20Patriarchs%20PowerPoint.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p><br />This timeline is provided as a general guide to the period of the Patriarchs. It is based on the Biblical text and archaeological data that places the Patriarchs in the <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/10/the-date-of-patriarchs-sodom-debate.html" target="_blank">Middle Bronze age</a>. </p><p>The archaeology surrounding the Patriarchs is covered in the books <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-archaeology-of-old-testament.html" target="_blank">The Archaeology of the Old Testament </a>and <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-location-of-sodom.html" target="_blank">The Location of Sodom</a>.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJQYMFpW91BmW3IFw9y9DR7dpqlZuC1cH7x4EykXrqjRdJC3M2h-q9qy5--3xguCL9wD2zkFr2-GXwDT9-WOwbtMweI1aysaYtgl9y01jE9N_EQxnCnejIzTJ9uDMc8GVBCi9YDcEkomUHz-Ej-WzG5UJXNU52v9UlAhMsEAxXDSauy6c55D6s/s2992/Cover7X10%20OT%20Archaeology%203D%20Cover2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2992" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJQYMFpW91BmW3IFw9y9DR7dpqlZuC1cH7x4EykXrqjRdJC3M2h-q9qy5--3xguCL9wD2zkFr2-GXwDT9-WOwbtMweI1aysaYtgl9y01jE9N_EQxnCnejIzTJ9uDMc8GVBCi9YDcEkomUHz-Ej-WzG5UJXNU52v9UlAhMsEAxXDSauy6c55D6s/s320/Cover7X10%20OT%20Archaeology%203D%20Cover2.jpg" width="257" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"> From <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-archaeology-of-old-testament.html" target="_blank"><i>The Archaeology of the Old Testament</i></a>.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"> <span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">Modified </span><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">August 20, 2023. Copyright <span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>
2023 <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2016/10/ecm-company.html" target="_blank">Electronic Christian Media</a></span></p><p><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <p></p><p><br /></p>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-13125468445687133842023-08-20T13:00:00.011-07:002024-02-18T09:04:12.180-08:00Timelines of the Bible<p> </p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Timelines<br /></h2><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2023/08/cuneiform-timeline.html" target="_blank">Cuneiform Timeline</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2023/08/timeline-of-patriarchs.html" target="_blank">Patriarchs</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2023/08/timeline-of-judges.html" target="_blank">Judges</a> </li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2023/08/timeline-of-divided-kingdom.html" target="_blank">Divided Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2023/08/timeline-of-united-kingdom.html" target="_blank">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2023/08/timeline-of-persian-empire.html" target="_blank">Persian Empire</a></li><li> <br /></li></ul><p><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">
Modified </span><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">August 20, 2023. Copyright <span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">©</span>
2023 <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2016/10/ecm-company.html" target="_blank">Electronic Christian Media</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-27630532955562875402023-08-14T15:11:00.023-07:002024-02-18T09:06:22.435-08:00Identification of 666 in Revelation.<h2 style="text-align: left;"> Video Introduction<br /></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
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</h2><p class="DEGGlossary" style="margin-right: 6.8pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gematria</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">:</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (Heb. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">gimatria</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">;</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Aramaic</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">gīmatr</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ĕ</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">y</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">; </span><span class="st"><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif;">γεωμετρία</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">geōmetria</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">). A</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>traditional Jewish</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>numerical system used to assign values to
words or phrases in the Hebrew language. Many commentators believe that 666
represents Emperor Nero</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">’s name.</span></p><p class="DEGGlossary" style="margin-right: 6.8pt;"><!--[if !mso]>
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</p><h2 class="GPSubsectionHeading" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc64918600"><span lang="EN-US"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhakII5F3RQrsHzExlvCVAVUGqhTwWjsieVpJTZA-ze_Jqg8SDgGaZbf_djAmTOAkCJgcJnJfIdT6WNo-aEPY51Pkb7y8kffUquOd8Hwzjm0nk5sE-OAS9fPIAkV3nth2iwol48U5kBzBDkUURse5eNCfZ_0nmOgUDeIzdoc_uINUP_rMIBu8G/s862/6.046%20DG_Smyrna%20commercial%20agora.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="647" data-original-width="862" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhakII5F3RQrsHzExlvCVAVUGqhTwWjsieVpJTZA-ze_Jqg8SDgGaZbf_djAmTOAkCJgcJnJfIdT6WNo-aEPY51Pkb7y8kffUquOd8Hwzjm0nk5sE-OAS9fPIAkV3nth2iwol48U5kBzBDkUURse5eNCfZ_0nmOgUDeIzdoc_uINUP_rMIBu8G/s320/6.046%20DG_Smyrna%20commercial%20agora.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 1. The Corinthian columns of the stao of <br />the state agora, Smyrna.<br />Izmir © David E. Graves<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />The State Agora</span></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> in Smyrna<br /></span></span></h2>
<p class="GPNormal1st" style="margin-left: 6.8pt;">The State Agora<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dates from the Roman period of Marcus Aurelius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">(ad </span>161–180),
who rebuilt it following the earthquake<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> ad </span>178.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Although it has no bearing on NT events,<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> it
does have relevance to the period of the early church. The state agora is
different to the commercial agora, which is situated near the harbour. It is perhaps
one of the best-preserved agoras in all of Anatolia.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
The state agora was an impressive complex occupying an area of <i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ca.</span></i> 260 x 390 ft. (80
x 120 m). It had two-story colonnades divided into three sections, with two
rows of Corinthian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>columns<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(fig. 45;
Strabo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Geogr.</span></i>
14.1.37).<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Akurgal adds:</p>
<p class="GPNormalQuote" style="margin-left: 6.8pt;">There is also a
magnificent vaulted basement beneath the north colonnade, still in splendid condition.
The north aisle in the basement was composed of shops, which must have opened onto a
street in Roman times. Court cases were heard in an <i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">exedra</span></i> in the west
part of the north colonnade. The stoa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on the south side, not yet excavated, must
also have had two stories with a nave and two aisles.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #222a35; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> </p>
<p class="GPNormal" style="margin-left: 6.8pt;">Between 1932 and 1942, German and
Turkish archaeologists excavated the agora<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>under the direction of Numan, Kantar and
Miltner.<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Excavations were resumed in 2002 by the Izmir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Archaeology Museum under the direction of the
Museum’s director, Mehmet Taslialan. Excavations in the northern and western
portions of the civic basilica<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have revealed many sculptures and
architectural pieces. A portion of the basilica and part of the west stoa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are being restored to a height of two stories.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
According to Taslialan, </p>
<p class="GPNormalQuote" style="margin-left: 6.8pt;">The inscriptions on stone
provide information about civic life and the Roman government of the Province
of Asia, and very numerous graffiti, preserved on the plaster which covers the
north wall and many of the pillars<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the lower story of the Basilica, constitute
a Greek counterpart to the Latin graffiti of Pompeii, unique in the Roman East. <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #222a35; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="GPNormal" style="margin-left: 6.8pt;">Thomas Derwbear, a tablet expert,
was brought in by Taslialan to help decipher the graffiti, tablets and
inscriptions discovered in the agora. Derwbear states that “Smyrnian youth
ornamented the walls with everything about their daily life. Gladiator figures
describing a fight with lions, comedians on stage, and
other graffiti about sport and health were found”.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Some of the messages used <i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">gematria</span></i>, a secret code similar
to that used in Revelation 13:18 for the number 666, to convey their messages
of love, sex and religion. One inscription<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from the agora Basilica, that was an example
of Isopsephism (<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">gematria</span></i>) from Smyrna, states: “equal in value:
lord, 800; faith 800” (<a name="_Hlk478895716">TP100.3</a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk478895716;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk478895716;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">SIG</span></i>
3.973</span>).<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Three female names, in the same building, are identified representing 616. One
reads “I love a woman whose number is 616” (T22.1).<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="GPNormal" style="margin-left: 6.8pt;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpTZ6vkbovrL9ik98OhODmzgGB3ZkMngnLmY7NtLUgBAhdyR-3Tb06m4KchIwqSOezrrU0RQAsT7hJkHk0ahzseK6EzysZRClplOrlwQDvnJv7lK8cumaYBW8_gaMnw09OOqCeB2-WfPslriNTg8qiV8G9jC2C5gLadvIctZ4wQmcXqvwsWk22/s862/6.047%20DG_Smyrna%20arches%20agoraFaustina.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="862" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpTZ6vkbovrL9ik98OhODmzgGB3ZkMngnLmY7NtLUgBAhdyR-3Tb06m4KchIwqSOezrrU0RQAsT7hJkHk0ahzseK6EzysZRClplOrlwQDvnJv7lK8cumaYBW8_gaMnw09OOqCeB2-WfPslriNTg8qiV8G9jC2C5gLadvIctZ4wQmcXqvwsWk22/s320/6.047%20DG_Smyrna%20arches%20agoraFaustina.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2 Arch in the western stoa (portico) of the state agora<br />in Smyrna (second cent. AD). At the top of the arch<br />is a portrait of Faustina the Younger (see Fig. 47), <br />honored for financing the rebuilding of the city.<br />Izmir © David E. Graves<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Wilson reports that: <p></p>
<p class="GPNormalQuote" style="margin-left: 6.8pt;">One example provides perhaps the
earliest Christian graffiti yet discovered. It reads <i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">o dedwkwj
pneuma</span></i>: “the one who has given the Spirit,” that is, the Lord (<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">kurios</span></i>)
Jesus. The function of this graffito was apparently to announce that there were
Christians in the city with whom other believers could fellowship and worship.<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #222a35; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="GPNormal" style="margin-left: 6.8pt;">According to Aristides, in the center of the agora, surrounded by colonnades,
stood “a large altar dedicated to Zeus” (figs. 96,
116,
127,
153,
156,
158).<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
In addition, Demeter<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(fig. 99)
and Poseidon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are depicted standing next to each other on a
relief along with other gods.<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
They are now on display in the Izmir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Archaeological Museum. Akurgal postulates,
“[I]t may well be that placing these deities<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>side by side was intended to demonstrate that
Smyrna<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at that
time dominated commerce by both land and sea”.<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Vermeule mentions that a statue of Trajan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was also located in the agora.<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> </p>
<p class="GPNormal" style="margin-left: 6.8pt;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEOhysyOZfP9ZUKxRg84AlnxqpW3TCpViOAvtnL1K_4AVLbaOiAH2bootc9stdOHw6zJyoEdNQuxiAGu_5tlQB4ORAA7Et4_pjroBG94NIToc_il9oxJNV-M-6NV2UQIfKQojw0YcPdXAoj6Q0TMYw2hf1Sp2hVnlmIDM-epdgmuvL764XsmYO/s4000/Smyrna%20One%20Giving%20the%20Spirit%20T20.1%20MW%20Color%20Corrected.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEOhysyOZfP9ZUKxRg84AlnxqpW3TCpViOAvtnL1K_4AVLbaOiAH2bootc9stdOHw6zJyoEdNQuxiAGu_5tlQB4ORAA7Et4_pjroBG94NIToc_il9oxJNV-M-6NV2UQIfKQojw0YcPdXAoj6Q0TMYw2hf1Sp2hVnlmIDM-epdgmuvL764XsmYO/s320/Smyrna%20One%20Giving%20the%20Spirit%20T20.1%20MW%20Color%20Corrected.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 3 Perhaps the earliest Christian Graffiti to be discovered. <br />The graffitio states: ό δεδῳκ[ώς] τὸ πνεῡμ[α], o dedōk[ōs] <br />to pneum[a]: “the one who has given the Spirit. . .” (T20.1).<br />Courtesy of Mark Wilson, used by permission. Commercial <br />agora, Smyrna (modern Izmir), Turkey.</td></tr></tbody></table><br />The area around the agora<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>altar was no doubt the place mentioned in the <i><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman;">Martyrdom
of Pionius</span></i>, where Polemon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was leading Pionius to make his sacrifice. On<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the second
arch in the colonnade<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the agora is a portrait of Faustina<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Younger, wife of Marcus Aurelius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(fig.2),
honoring her contribution to the rebuilding of the agora following the<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> ad </span>178 earthquake<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(fig. 1).<p></p><p class="GPNormal" style="margin-left: 6.8pt;"> David Graves, <i><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/jesus-speaks-to-seven-of-his-churches.html" target="_blank">Jesus Speaks to Seven of His Churches: A Historical and Exegetical Commentary on the Messages to the Seven Churches in Revelation</a>. </i>Toronto, Ont.: Electronic Christian Media, May 2017), 125-127.</p><p class="GPNormal" style="margin-left: 6.8pt;"><!--[if !mso]>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc115021033;">Agora Graffiti</span></h2><p></p>
<p class="HBNormal1st">Between 1932 and 1942, German and Turkish archaeologists
excavated the agora<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>under the
direction of Numan, Kantar and Miltner.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Excavations were resumed in 2002 by the Izmir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Archaeology Museum under the direction of the
Museum’s director, Mehmet Tas<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">̧</span>l<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ı</span>alan. Excavations in the northern
and western portions of the civic basilica<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have revealed many sculptures and
architectural pieces. A portion of the basilica and part of the west stoa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are being restored to a height of two stories.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
According to Tas<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">̧</span>l<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ı</span>alan, </p>
<p class="GPNormalQuote" style="margin-right: 6.8pt;">The inscriptions on stone
provide information about civic life and the Roman government of the Province
of Asia, and very numerous graffiti, preserved on the plaster which covers the
north wall and many of the pillars<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the lower story of the Basilica, constitute
a Greek counterpart to the Latin graffiti of Pompeii, unique in the Roman East. <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="GPNormal" style="margin-right: 6.8pt;">Thomas Derwbear, an inscription
expert employed by the Smyrna excavation, states that “Smyrnian youth
ornamented the walls with everything about their daily life. Gladiator figures
describing a fight with lions, comedians on stage, and
other graffiti about sport and health were found”.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Some of the messages used Isopsephism<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">ἴ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">σος</span> <i>isos</i> “equal” + ψ<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">ῆ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">φος</span> <i>psēphos</i> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">“</span>pebble,
used for counting<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">”;</span> similar
to Jewish <i>gematria</i>), the Greek practice of
assigning values to letters in a name and then adding up the numbers to give a
single number, a common practice in antiquity to convey their messages of love,
sex and religion.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
The secret code is similar to that used in Revelation 13:18 for the number 666.
Three female names, in the same building, are identified representing 616. One
reads “I love a woman whose number is 616” (T22.1).<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Others read “whose number is 731” (T24.2) and “1308” (T27.3).<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Another inscription<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from the agora Basilica, that was an example
of Isopsephism from Smyrna, states: “equal in value:
lord, 800; faith 800” (<a name="_Hlk478895716"><i>IG</i> 3.973</a>).<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> </p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Perhaps one of the earliest Christian graffiti’s ever discovered was also uncovered during the excavation
of the agora. It reads <span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif;">ό δεδ</span><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ῳκ[ώς]</span><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">τὸ πνεῡμ[α],</span><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif;"> </span><i>o dedōk[ōs] to pneum[a]</i>:
“the one who has given the Spirit. . .” (T20.1) that is, the Lord (<i>kurios</i>)
Jesus (fig. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">119</span>).
The graffito would indicate to those who read it that there were Christians in
the city of Smyrna.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></p><p class="HBNormal2nd"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">David E. Graves, <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-archaeology-of-new-testament.html" target="_blank"><i>The Archaeology of the New Testament: 75 Discoveries That Support the Reliability of the Bible</i>.</a> Moncton, NB, Canada: Electronic Christian Media, 2019.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="HBNormal2nd"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="HBNormal2nd"><!--[if !mso]>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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</p><h2 class="GPSectionHeading" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc513040795"></a><a name="_Toc115021056"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc513040795;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikKp1SIKunE4EJ7Rhi9M44rCm0LdtRAukyuKCnk2FUBi0PIGze7qbtK1WGQ5u9D2ztv6IHiEbRC9Sbv4n_Vwyqlkt2uw32m3k13KtX2O2LITLhZHCOLlyuxqROAigiwtAsFKrDV7Obz9ZPpZsRZoxQ-WC-iEcPx-W7yzvCBaklAKnDKtfZtUIg/s1767/isopsephy.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1767" data-original-width="862" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikKp1SIKunE4EJ7Rhi9M44rCm0LdtRAukyuKCnk2FUBi0PIGze7qbtK1WGQ5u9D2ztv6IHiEbRC9Sbv4n_Vwyqlkt2uw32m3k13KtX2O2LITLhZHCOLlyuxqROAigiwtAsFKrDV7Obz9ZPpZsRZoxQ-WC-iEcPx-W7yzvCBaklAKnDKtfZtUIg/s320/isopsephy.jpg" width="156" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 4. Example of isopsephy from the Sanctuary of <br />Artemis Orthia, second cent. AD <br />© Elleniko Pneuma / Wikimedia Commons</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> </td></tr></tbody></table><br />The Isopsephy Inscription</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc115021056;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc513040795;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc115021056;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc513040795;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Rev 13:18)</span></span></h2>
<p class="HBNormal1st"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Nero</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">’s identification as the antichrist is further
reinforced by the mysterious number 666</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ascribed to the
Antichrist in Revelation (13:18), which translates using the Hebrew</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>practice of </span><i>gematria</i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> (Heb. </span><i>gimatria</i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span><i>Aramaic</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gīma</i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">ṭ</span>r</i><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond;">ĕ</span>y</i><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond;">ā</span>, from Gr.</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gēometria </i>or <i>grammateia</i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">) into the name of Nero.</span> <i>Gematria</i> is <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">a traditional Jewish</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Kabbalistic) </span>numerical
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">system </span>used to assign values to words or
phrases in the Hebrew scriptures, as it was believed that the numbers related
in some way (age, year, etc.) to the word being represented.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
</p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Closely related to <i>gematria</i> is the Greek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>practice of <i>isopsephy</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Gr.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>isos</i> meaning “equal” and <i>psephos</i>
meaning “pebble”).<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Isopsephia</i>
(“numerical equality”)<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
is derived from the practice of using pebbles to count and add up numbers, but
the term refers to the art of assigning values to letters in a name and then
adding up the numbers to give a single value.</p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Use of both the Greek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Hebrew<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">numerical
“cryptograms” was a fairly common practice in antiquity </span>to conceal
personal names as numbers.<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> T</span>his practice
of numerology<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> is verified by several
archaeological<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>discoveries.</p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCuo7cGbhq5d8Mup0JF1PIzRiHjGpQpJtrMtGiHHrC8IaOIZ7t3dJ5eL04LYVwr3TNGLd9CQtvShFZ8V70wckIXjXWL6e5AcHj0NfFWtmf-QNsTEVsN1Srpgl4S11CSS1AsZ-D1Ytt1TRFweEW4mS3GcM0TXsWrCPIHu_72epEFhF57sl8hsYY/s827/Inscription.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="192" data-original-width="827" height="74" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCuo7cGbhq5d8Mup0JF1PIzRiHjGpQpJtrMtGiHHrC8IaOIZ7t3dJ5eL04LYVwr3TNGLd9CQtvShFZ8V70wckIXjXWL6e5AcHj0NfFWtmf-QNsTEVsN1Srpgl4S11CSS1AsZ-D1Ytt1TRFweEW4mS3GcM0TXsWrCPIHu_72epEFhF57sl8hsYY/s320/Inscription.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 5. Graffiti on the outside door of the house of Octavius <br />that translates from the Latin as “Amerimnus thought <br />upon his lady Harmonia for good. The number of her <br />honorable name is 45” [Sogliano].<br /><br />Giuseppe Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompeii (Napoli: <br />Tipografia italiana, 1875), 312. <br />Wikimedia Commons adapted D. E. Graves</td></tr></tbody></table><br />A second cent. AD example of isopsephy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was discovered on a headstone at the Sanctuary
of Artemis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Orthia (fig.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">152</span>).
It reads: <span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">ΟΡΘΕΙΗ ΔΩΡΟΝ ΛΕΟΝΤΕΥΣ ΑΝΕΘΗΚΕ ΒΟΑΓΟΣ <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ΒΨΛ</b> ΜΩΑΝ ΝΙΚΗΣΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΑΔΕ ΕΠΑΘΛΑ ΛΑΒΩΝ <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ΒΨΛ</b> ΚΑΙ Μ ΕΣΤΕΨΕ ΠΑΤΗΡ ΕΙΣΑΡΙΘΜΟΙΣ
ΕΠΕΣΙ <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ΒΨΛ</b></span>. The votive stele
is a isopsephic elegiac<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
poem about a boy who won a singing competition and each verse adds up to 2730 (<span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">ΒΨΛ</span>).<p></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">
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<p class="Caption2"><a name="_Toc431387631"></a><a name="_Toc133756734"></a><a name="_Toc511584110"></a><a name="_Ref511155125"></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after: avoid; page-break-after: avoid;"> Several Greek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Latin isopsephy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>inscriptions are found in graffiti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on the walls at Pompeii (fig.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">153</span>),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>demonstrating that it was known and used in NT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>times. Antonio Sogliano<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has published wall-writings from Pompeii (AD
79)<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
that states: “Amerimmus thought upon his lady Harmonia for good. The number of
her honourable name is 45 (or 1035)” and another, “I love her whose number is
545” (<span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Φιλω
ης αριθμος </span><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">ϕ</span><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">με</span>).<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="HBNormal2nd">The Roman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>historian Suetonius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(AD 69–after 138), who also acted as Emperor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hadrian’s secretary (AD 117–138) in
his work <i>The Twelve Caesars,</i> reported that some of Nero’s enemies wrote graffiti on
the walls in Rome<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and used
numbers to accuse him of killing his mother:</p>
<p class="DEGBoxQuotePoem1"><span style="color: black;">Count the numerical values</span></p>
<p class="DEGBoxQuotePoem1"><span style="color: black;">Of the letters in Nero</span><span style="color: black;">’s name,</span></p>
<p class="DEGBoxQuotePoem1"><span style="color: black;">And in “murdered his own
mother”:</span></p>
<p class="DEGBoxQuotePoem1"><span style="color: black;">You’ll find their sum is
the same. (Suetonius</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ner. </i>39.2
[Graves</span><span style="color: black;">])</span><a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #512507; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">In Rolfe’s work–in the Loeb Classical Library series–the
translation is more literal, and as Kraybill<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>explains: “the gematrial allusion is more
subtle “[Nero, Orestes, Alcmeon their mothers
slew.] A calculation new. Nero his mother slew” (Suetonius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ner. </i>39.2 [Rolf]). The point in
either case is that the Greek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gematrial value for both “Nero” (<span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Νερων</span>)
and “killed his own mother” (<span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">ιδιαν μητερ ααπεκτεινε</span>) is 1,005.”<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">
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<p class="Caption2"><a name="_Toc511584111"></a><a name="_Toc133756735"></a></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFbyUcoPFE34sU_nkLp5jtU0iXzbvjI4KpFpEa8AGMO3ztrgCxphEmfrijmJm8dVPrjixHaSrQB6hl7zZQsLk0NRWwwclGWL2lbCfH2bBsK9YTOLLiUf8gqiiPK23hk2wLs9-NXa4M1pweIA9ekgIZ-Wa8f_xXwgVH-udGM0YD6Uvdpp8BIAm6/s4000/Smyrna%20Woman%20whose%20number%20is%20731%20MW%20color%20corrected%20T24.2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFbyUcoPFE34sU_nkLp5jtU0iXzbvjI4KpFpEa8AGMO3ztrgCxphEmfrijmJm8dVPrjixHaSrQB6hl7zZQsLk0NRWwwclGWL2lbCfH2bBsK9YTOLLiUf8gqiiPK23hk2wLs9-NXa4M1pweIA9ekgIZ-Wa8f_xXwgVH-udGM0YD6Uvdpp8BIAm6/s320/Smyrna%20Woman%20whose%20number%20is%20731%20MW%20color%20corrected%20T24.2.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 6. Smyrna graffiti discovered in the excavations of the <br />commercial agora that included an isopsephic <br />epigram of a female “whose number is 731” (T24.2). <br />Photo courtesy of Mark Wilson</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Caption2"><a name="_Ref510970338"></a></p></div>
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Deissman gets to the point that “the name ‘Nero’ is there numerically
resolved into ‘matricide.’”<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
This is referring to the well-known fact that Nero had arranged the
assassination of his mother, Agrippina, in AD 59 (Tacitus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ann. </i>12).<p></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Leonidas of Alexandria<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(first cent. AD) composed an isopsephic
epigram (short satiristic poem) on Nero<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>(Gr.</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anth.</i>)<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
with an equinumeral rhyming couplet (distichs); defined by Psychoyos as
“epigrams of four lines, whose first hexameter and pentameter, if their
letters’ values were added, have the same arithmetical value with the next two
verses.”<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">During the Imperial Roman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>period (27 BC–AD 476), many inscriptions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have been discovered that use numerical
isopsephy, including at Pergamum and
Smyrna, which are two of the seven
churches mentioned in Revelation (Rev 2.12ff.). During the second cent. a Greek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>architect from Pergamum,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by the name of Aelius Nikon, was described by
his son Galen, the famous physician, as having “mastered all
there was to know of the science of geometry and numbers,”<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
and was proficient in the art of composing isopsephic works.<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
In Smyrna several graffiti included isopsephic epigrams. Three female names, in
the same building, are identified representing 616. One reads “I love a woman
whose number is 616” (T22.1).<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Others read “whose number is 731” (T24.2; fig. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">154</span>)
and “1308” (T27.3).<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Another inscription<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from the agora Basilica, that was an example
of Isopsephism from Smyrna, states: “equal in value:
lord, 800; faith 800” (TP100.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <i>SIG</i> 3.973).<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
</p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Also, Apollonius, a mathematician from
Pergamum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(AD third cent.), asked: “Given the verse: <span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔΟΣ
ΚΛΕΙΤΕ ΚΡΑΤΟΣ ΕΞΟΧΟΝ ΕΝΝΕΑ ΚΟΥΡΑΙ</span> [“Nine maidens, praise the glorious
power of Artemis”], what does the product of
all its elements equal?”<a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Driver points out possible examples of gematria in both
the OT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and NT<a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
and Hvalvik finds it possibly being used in the apocryphal book of Barnabas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Barn.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9:8</span>).<a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
The practice of turning words or names into numbers is documented in other
ancient texts (Lucian <i>Alex.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>11; <i>Anth.
pal.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>14.20, 105; <i>Sib. Or.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1.137–46; 1.324–30; 5.1–51). The later <i>Sibylline
Oracles</i> (AD 235–265) often represented the names or initials of Roman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>emperors as numbers (<i>Sib. Or.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>11.29–30, 92, 114, 189–90, 208, 256, 266;
12.39, 49–50, 68, 78, 96, 101, 121, 125, 144, 148, 189, 207, 246, 250, 258;
13.83–84; 14.21, 28, 44, 59–60, 79, 95, 106, 126, 137, 150, 163, 227, 248).</p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">John, in writing Revelation,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is thus not alone in representing a Roman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>emperor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as a number and referring to Nero (<i>Nerō
Claudius</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Caesar Augustus Germanicus;</i> r. AD 54–68)<a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>using gematria. One might argue that <i>Nerō(n)
Kaisar</i> in Greek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is not
666; however, John is writing a riddle to be solved, and seems to have expected
some of the Jews in the seven churches to not only understand gematria but to
be able to use it in Hebrew. John<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wrote “let the one who has understanding <i>calculate</i>
<i>the number</i> of the beast, for it is the number of <i>a
man</i>, and his number is <i>666</i>” (Rev 13:18). The table below shows the
calculation:<a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></p><h2 class="HBNormal2nd" style="text-align: left;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Gematria for Nero and Jesus </span></span></span></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></h2>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">
</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<div><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-overlap: never; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 249px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 11pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.6pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hebrew</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hebrew</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.3pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Greek</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.6pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">Neron Caesar</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">Nero<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Caesar</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.3pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">Jesus</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.6pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"><i>nrwn qsr</i></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"><i>nrw qsr</i></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.3pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"><i>Iesous</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.6pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">Q=100</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">Q=100</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.3pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">I=10</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.6pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">S=60</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">S=60</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.3pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">E=8</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.6pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">R=200</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">R=200</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.3pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">S=200</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.6pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">N=50</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">N=50</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.3pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">O=70</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.6pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">R=200</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">R=200</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.3pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">U=400</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.6pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1">W=6</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"><u>W=6</u></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.3pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"><u>S=200</u></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.6pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"><u>N=50</u></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"> </p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.3pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"><u><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></u></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.6pt;" valign="top" width="87">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">666</b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #512507; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[1]</span></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.5pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">616</b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #512507; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[1]</span></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 11pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.3pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="DEGBoxChart1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">888</b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #512507; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[1]</span></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKk0adLeWFlJ1QvR2jwBI5cNi962asCfuefpoBguKUkqeeJPgHmssX0KXKgEARciBEcunTq0fUvVnjHQJpB6HLQokjj1xQ40GtJgeS8h3P9siGYG6FhNcPbs25TjAlc2yEGISIT-1KHUQcIABZzxDfYc9jIFOf0981aC40TeEkVSZO4HZ0Dgkr/s991/616%20papyrus%20Revelation.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="991" data-original-width="886" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKk0adLeWFlJ1QvR2jwBI5cNi962asCfuefpoBguKUkqeeJPgHmssX0KXKgEARciBEcunTq0fUvVnjHQJpB6HLQokjj1xQ40GtJgeS8h3P9siGYG6FhNcPbs25TjAlc2yEGISIT-1KHUQcIABZzxDfYc9jIFOf0981aC40TeEkVSZO4HZ0Dgkr/s320/616%20papyrus%20Revelation.jpg" width="286" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig 7. Fragment from Papyrus 115 (P115) of Revelation in <br />the 66th vol. of the Oxyrhynchus series (P. Oxy. 4499). <br />It has the number of the beast as ΧΙϹ, 616<br />© Jarekt / Wikimedia Commons</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Lawrence explains the manuscript<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>evidence for the variant calculation of 616 (fig.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7),<a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
which lends further evidence that the solution to the calculation of the number
is Nero. He states:<p></p>
<p class="GPNormalQuote">
</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<div>
<p class="Caption2"><a name="_Toc431387632"></a><a name="_Toc511584112"></a><a name="_Toc133756736"></a><a name="_Ref510970728"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc133756736;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc511584112;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc431387632;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc133756736;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc511584112;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc431387632;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc133756736;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc511584112;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc431387632;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc431387632;"></span></p>
</div>
<br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Some mss. of Revelation—13:18, however, have the number 616 instead
of 666, e.g., Ephraemi Rescriptus, some mss. known to Irenaeus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Irenaeus <i>Haer</i><i><span style="color: #1f3864;">.</span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5:28:2], and Tyconius. Tischendorf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mentions in his edition of the Greek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>New Testament<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that minuscules number 5 and 11 (now lost)
also had the number 616. Though Irenaeus questioned the authenticity of the
mss. with the number 616, it is interesting to note that the Latin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>form of 616 transliterated into Hebrew<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>letters spells <i>“Nero</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Caesar”</i> too.<a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a><p></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Commenting on the textual variant 616, the distinguished
textual scholar, Bruce M. Metzger,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>states that: “Perhaps the change was
intentional, seeing that the Greek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>form <i>Neron Caesar</i> written in Hebrew<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>characters (<i>nrwn qsr</i>) is equivalent
to 666, whereas the Latin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>form <i>Nero</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Caesar</i> (<i>nrw qsr</i>) is equivalent
to 616.”<a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> While <i>nrwn</i> <i>qsr</i>
is an unusual spelling of Nero’s
name, it is found in this form in the Talmud<a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>
and a contemporary Aramaic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>scroll<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from a cave at Qumran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Mur 18).<a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">As Sanders points out, there are other names which, when
put through the same process, equal 666. Irenaeus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i>Haer.</i> 5.29–30) gave three names that
total 666<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i>Euanthas</i>, <i>Teitan</i>, <i>Lateinos</i>).
Andreas of Caesarea<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in his <i>Commentary</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on Revelation</i> gave seven names which
totalled 666 (see also Arethas’ <i>Commentary</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which gives 9 names; Primasius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who gives 2 names; Victorinus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who gives 4 names; Venerable Bede<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who gives 3 names; and Beatus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who gives 8 names).<a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>
However, the contemporary evidence for the use of<i> nrwn</i> <i>qsr as Nero</i><i>’s
name seems compelling when taken with the variant 616 (nrw</i> <i>qsr).</i></p><p class="HBNormal2nd"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">David E. Graves, <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-archaeology-of-new-testament.html" target="_blank"><i>The Archaeology of the New Testament: 75 Discoveries That Support the Reliability of the Bible</i>.</a> Moncton, NB, Canada: Electronic Christian Media, 2019.</span></span></span></span><i> </i><i><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></i></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><h2 style="text-align: left;">Footnotes</h2>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Angus Stevenson, <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 3<sup>rd</sup> ed. (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2010), 3297; Shmuel Sambursky, “On the Origin and
Significance of the Term ‘Gematria.,’” <i>JJS </i>29, no. 1 (1978): 35–38.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Lionel and Patricia Fanthorpe, <i>Mysteries and Secrets of Numerology</i>
(Toronto, Can.: Dundurn, 2013), 289; Psychoyos, “The Forgotten Art of
Isopsephy,” 157–224.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
<a name="_Hlk15895179">Kenneth L. Gentry, Jr. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>The Beast of Revelation</i> (Fort Worth,
Tex.: Dominion, 1989), </a>31.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
For a detailed explanation of how gematria and isopsephy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>functions see Adam Clarke, <i>The Holy Bible</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Containing the Old and New Testaments with a
Commentary</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Critical Notes</i>, vol. 2 (London: Tegg
& Son, 1836), 2081–2084.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
A form of ancient poetry, popular in Greek and Latin, using a form of couplets
consisting of dactylic hexameter and a pentameter.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Wilhelm Hirschfelder and Georg Andresen, eds., <i>Wochenschrift Für Klassische
Philologie</i>, vol. 19 (Leipzig: Reisland, 1902), col. 52.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sogliano, “Isopsephia Pompeiana,” 256–59; Erwin Rohde, <i>Der griechische Roman</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>und seine Vorläufer</i> (Leipzig: Breitkopf
& Härtel, 1914), 487 n. 1; Franz<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dornseiff, <i>Das Alphabet in Mystik Und Magie</i>,
2. Aufl edition, Etoixeia, Studien Zur Geschichte Des Antiken Weltbildes Und
Der Griechischen Wissenschaft, Hrsg. von F. Boll. Hft. VII (Leipzig: Teubner,
1925), 113; Deissmann, <i>Light from the Ancient
East</i>, 277; Maurice H. Farbridge, <i>Studies in Biblical and Semitic
Symbolism</i> (Hoboken, N.J.: Ktav, 1970), 95; Kieren Barry, <i>The Greek Qabalah:
Alphabetical Mysticism and Numerology in the Ancient World</i> (York Beach,
Maine: Weiser Books, 1999), 128; Nicholas Vinel, “Le Judaïsme Caché Du Carré
Sator de Pompéi: The Hidden Judaism of the Pompeiian Sator Square,” <i>Revue de
L’histoire Des Religions</i> 2 (2006): 180; Georges Ifrah, <i>The Universal
History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer</i>,
trans. David Bellos (New York, N.Y.: Wiley, 2000), 256.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Gaius Suetonius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tranquillus, <i>The Twelve Caesars</i>, ed.
Michael Grant, trans. Robert Graves, Rev., Penguin Classics (Harmondsworth,
U.K.: Penguin, 1987), 236; Ifrah, <i>The Universal History of Numbers</i>, 256.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kraybill, <i>Apocalypse and Allegiance</i>,
67 n. 26; Gaius Suetonius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tranquillus, <i>Lives of the Caesars: Claudius</i><i>. Nero</i><i>. Galba, Otho, and
Vitellius. Vespasian</i><i>. Titus</i><i>, Domitian</i><i>. Lives of Illustrious Men: Grammarians
and Rhetoricians. Poets (Terence. Virgil</i><i>. Horace. Tibullus.
Persius. Lucan). Lives of Pliny</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Elder and Passienus Crispus</i>, trans.
John C. Rolfe, vol. 2, LCL 38 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1914),
2:158–59.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Deissmann, <i>Light from the Ancient
East</i>, 278; Franz<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bücheler, <i>Rheinisches Museum für Philologie</i>,
vol. 61 (Berlin: Weber, 1906), 307 f.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Michael A. Tueller, ed., <i>The Greek Anthology: Book 1: Christian</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Epigrams. Book 2: Description of the Statues
in the Gymnasium of Zeuxippus. Book 3: Epigrams in the Temple of Apollonis at
Cyzicus. Book 4: Prefaces to the Various Anthologies. Book 5: Erotic Epigrams</i>,
trans. William R. Paton, vol. 1, LCL 67 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
2014), 1:470; 2:294.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Psychoyos, “Forgotten Art of
Isopsephy,” 179.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ifrah, <i>The Universal History of Numbers</i>, 256.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Psychoyos, “Forgotten Art of Isopsephy,”
179.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bagnall, “Isopsephisms of Desire,” in <i>Graffiti from the Basilica in the
Agora of Smyrna</i>, 50, 226.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid. 48.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bagnall, “Christianity,” in <i>Graffiti from the Basilica in the Agora of
Smyrna</i>, 46.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid., 178; <i>I.Perg.</i> nos. 333, 339, 587.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
G. R. Driver, “The Number of the Beast,” in <i>Bibel Und Qumran</i><i>: Beitrage Zur
Erforschung Der Beziehungen Wischen Bibel- Und Qumran- Wissenschaft</i>, ed. S.
Wagner, Hans Bardtke Zum 22.9.1966 (Berlin: Evangelische Haupt-Bibelgesellschaft,
1968), 75–78.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
Reider Hvalvik, “Barnabas 9.7–9 and the Author’s Supposed Use of Gematria,” <i>New
Testament Studies</i> 33 (1987): 276–82.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>
Epiphanius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Salamis states that John<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>left Patmos<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>during the reign of Claudius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Caesar (AD 41–54) when John<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was over ninety years old (<i>Pan</i>.
51.12.1–2). Aune<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>points out that there is some confusion over
Claudius’s name as he was also known as Nero<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Claudius Caesar. Aune, <i>Revelation 1–5, </i>77–78.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kraybill, <i>Apocalypse and Allegiance</i>,
67; James Stuart Russell, <i>The Parousia. A Critical Inquiry into the New
Testament Doctrine of Our Lord’s Second Coming</i> (London: Dalby, Isbister
& Co., 1878), 464.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kraybill, <i>Apocalypse and Allegiance</i>,
66 n. 25.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
John M. Lawrence, “Nero<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Redivivus,” <i>Fides et Historia</i> 11
(1974): 54–55.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bruce M. Metzger, <i>A Textual Commentary on
the Greek New Testament</i>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche
Bibelgesellschaft, 2002), 750.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>
Marcus Jastrow, <i>Dictionary of Targumim, Talmud and Midrashic Literature</i>
(New York, N.Y.: Putnam’s Sons, 1903), loc. cit.; <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Charles, <i>Revelation</i></span>, 1:367.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Delbert R. Hillers, “Revelation 13:18 and a Scroll from Murabba’ât,” <i>BASOR</i>
170 (1963): 65.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>
Henry A. Sanders, “The Number of the Beast in Revelation,” <i>JBL</i>, 95-99,
37, no. 1 (1918): 95–96; Jöran Friberg, “Numbers and Counting,” ed. David Noel
Freedman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>et al., <i>ABD</i> (New York, N.Y.: Doubleday,
1996), 1145.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="HBNormal2nd"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"> </span></span></span></span> </p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
McDonagh, <i>Blue Guide: Turkey, </i>178.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mehmet Tas<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">̧</span>l<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ı</span>alan, “New Excavations and
Restorations in the Agora of Smyrna,” in <i>Paper Presented at Institut
Für Archäologie, Abt. Archäologie Des Mittelmeerraumes</i> (University of
Berne, Institute of Archaeology, University of Berne, Institute of Archaeology,
June 24, 2004), n.p.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> Ibid; Antonio Sogliano, “Isopsephia
Pompeiana,” <i>Rendiconti Della Reale Academia Dei Lincei </i>10 (1901):
256–59.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Thomas Derwbear, “Secret of Ancient Graffiti,” <i>US Daily EU News, </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">July 22</span>, 2003, n.p.,
www.turks.us/article.php?story = 20030722090305725.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dimitris K. Psychoyos, “The Forgotten Art of Isopsephy and the Magic Number KZ,”
<i>Semiotica</i> 154, no. 1–4 (2005): 157–224.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Roger S. Bagnall, “Isopsephisms of Desire,” in <i>Graffiti from the Basilica in
the Agora of Smyrna</i>, ed. Roger S. Bagnall et
al., Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (New York: New York University
Press, 2016), 50, 226.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid. 48.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Roger S. Bagnall, “Christianity,” in <i>Graffiti from the Basilica in the Agora
of Smyrna</i>, ed. Roger S. Bagnall et al., Institute for the Study of the
Ancient World (New York: New York University Press, 2016), 46.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid, 45–46.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="GPNormal" style="margin-left: 6.8pt;"> </p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Bean, <i>Aegean
Turkey</i>, 52.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Pfeiffer,
<i>Biblical World</i>, 543.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Wilson, <i>Biblical
Turkey</i>, 313.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a> McDonagh,
<i>Blue Guide: Turkey</i>, 178, fig. 3.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Akurgal,
“Smyrna,” 848; Akurgal, <i>Ancient Civilizations</i>,
122.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a> McDonagh,
<i>Blue Guide: Turkey</i>, 178.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Mehmet
Taslialan, “New Excavations and Restorations in the Agora of Smyrna,” in <i>Paper Presented at Institut
Für Archäologie, Abt. Archäologie Des Mittelmeerraumes</i> (University of
Berne, Institute of Archaeology, University of Berne, Institute of Archaeology,
June 24, 2004), n.p.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Thomas
Derwbear, “Secret of Ancient Graffiti,” <i>Turks.US Daily EU News, July 22</i>,
2003, n.p., www.turks.us/article.php?story = 20030722090305725.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Bagnall,
“Christianity,” 46.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Roger
S. Bagnall, “Isopsephisms of Desire,” in <i>Graffiti from the Basilica in the
Agora of Smyrna</i>, ed. Roger S. Bagnall et
al., Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (New York: New York
University Press, 2016), 50, 226.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Wilson,
<i>Biblical Turkey</i>, 315.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a> McDonagh,
<i>Blue Guide: Turkey</i>, 178.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Bean, <i>Aegean
Turkey</i>, 52.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Akurgal,
Ancient Civilizations, 848.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Vermeule,
<i>Roman Imperial Art</i>, 252.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <p class="DEGGlossary" style="margin-left: 6.8pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> _________________</span></p>
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Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-24871250809778954632023-07-09T09:29:00.031-07:002024-02-18T09:06:47.537-08:00The Ancestry of Elton Elmer Graves<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5JWAUl-9KlAhxU5wo6Lsz4i4VnJmD94QWERSKR3Ud7ns_GJkMHzSV1OTmkP04c7UmOWVSDKqrrE3WXmL80JvlS4Pw1lqKqpDQqOdbEpBi6MBU0gq2975e4VFYvrWx7sYmSY2u0sjrsLaXR7OIw1RAbDxjs8ZeNH1xlS3m_1u00Ye2uKAkhgPp/s2937/Graves%20Ancestry%206X9%203D%20Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2937" data-original-width="2400" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5JWAUl-9KlAhxU5wo6Lsz4i4VnJmD94QWERSKR3Ud7ns_GJkMHzSV1OTmkP04c7UmOWVSDKqrrE3WXmL80JvlS4Pw1lqKqpDQqOdbEpBi6MBU0gq2975e4VFYvrWx7sYmSY2u0sjrsLaXR7OIw1RAbDxjs8ZeNH1xlS3m_1u00Ye2uKAkhgPp/w326-h400/Graves%20Ancestry%206X9%203D%20Cover.jpg" width="326" /></a></div><p>David Elton Graves, <i>The Ancestry of Elton Elmer Graves (1932-1990). (</i>Electronic Christian Media, 2023).</p><p>The Graves family is a fascinating and inspiring one with a long and extensive history. ELTON ELMER GRAVES (1932–1990), a musician and businessman from Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, and his wife Hilda Luella Dimock, are the focus of this in-depth book that traces the Graves family ancestry from Ireland, England, and New England. </p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtV2-a8vn_uVGvfAzNU50WtRImRuOupJYHe15E0nhFIlbYFoe_yhtdJLLUCGxJGIcs7dnLOwDTNfYuveuqqgag3fD9eKXRiu6-1aJpzOOKDO2h_w0ACUAeO2cuSSRIEHPIDfEov0KB6IQH1gcb7_swYfzzksGrAsOyt6ffngnCnXgJRe3z6oZq/s1265/Graves%20of%20Thanckes%201680.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1265" data-original-width="1214" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtV2-a8vn_uVGvfAzNU50WtRImRuOupJYHe15E0nhFIlbYFoe_yhtdJLLUCGxJGIcs7dnLOwDTNfYuveuqqgag3fD9eKXRiu6-1aJpzOOKDO2h_w0ACUAeO2cuSSRIEHPIDfEov0KB6IQH1gcb7_swYfzzksGrAsOyt6ffngnCnXgJRe3z6oZq/s320/Graves%20of%20Thanckes%201680.jpg" width="307" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">REAR ADMIRAL THOMAS GRAVES (1680–1775)</td></tr></tbody></table>At the heart of the family's history is Captain Thomas Graves, born in 1580 in Derby, Derbyshire, England. He was one of the original Adventurers and Planters of the Virginia Company of London and integral in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America. Thomas Graves had many descendants, including Rear Admiral Thomas Graves, born in 1605 in Stepney, England, who arrived in America in 1628 and settled in Charlestown, MA.<br /><br />This book reveals the many different coats of arms of the Graves family and outlines the diverse group of Graves individuals who migrated to the US in the 17th–19th centuries in search of a new life. It provides comprehensive research and detailed information on the Graves ancestry, from their migration to the US to uncovering the Graves family tree.<br /><br />For those interested in the Graves family history, this book is a must-have. It offers a detailed look at the Graves family tree, their history, and their inspiring story. Learn how the Graves family's influence helped shape the first permanent English settlement in North America and discover the diverse fascinating story of the Graves family.<br /><p></p><p></p><br />For the genealogy of Elton's wife Hilda Luella Dimock see <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-genealogy-of-lebaron-dimock-and.html" target="_blank"><i></i></a><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-genealogy-of-lebaron-dimock-and.html" target="_blank"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRbbMiu5v_Trxgnhh0dBeFcQGK-56IdEEYGxmmTkYDsUCGnUZRzfyPQM-ShbuszGq5fINteGIiNBnN5q0D99aM74IFXOi0P9o77p_2CBcBu1vZPIaMoQMfT9ocvXwXcXh9ZlP2iVq_ZvtaRMF6TFgSdXYELJOK6be563Tpl6t4tRDRbcETd1Oj/s2992/Genealogy%20of%20Lebaron%20Dimock%206X9%203D%20Cover.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2992" data-original-width="2400" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRbbMiu5v_Trxgnhh0dBeFcQGK-56IdEEYGxmmTkYDsUCGnUZRzfyPQM-ShbuszGq5fINteGIiNBnN5q0D99aM74IFXOi0P9o77p_2CBcBu1vZPIaMoQMfT9ocvXwXcXh9ZlP2iVq_ZvtaRMF6TFgSdXYELJOK6be563Tpl6t4tRDRbcETd1Oj/w161-h200/Genealogy%20of%20Lebaron%20Dimock%206X9%203D%20Cover.jpg" width="161" /></a></div>The Genealogy of LeBaron Dimock and the Memoirs of Georgia Luella Dimock,</i> Electronic Christian Media, 2022.<br /><p></p><p>Books/Reference/Genealogy<br />Books/History/Americas/Canada/Founding<br />Books/History/United States/Immigrants<br /><br />ca 342 Pages 6X9<br />Paperback Black & White ISBN: Amazon ASIN: <br />Paperback Colour ISBN: 9798854231800 <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CCZSWC2D" target="_blank">Amazon</a> ASIN: B0CCZSWC2D<br />Hard Cover Colour ISBN: 979-8854289405 <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CD12P9ZB" target="_blank">Amazon</a> ASIN: B0CD12P9ZB </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <div> </div>Modified July 9, 2023 <p></p>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-84218760608990966432023-03-03T14:52:00.037-08:002024-02-18T09:07:06.431-08:00Livias in Cities of the NT World<h1 style="text-align: left;"><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJritsCAmTlvVp-15cQ74ySkZ9UB8WzKP-Dom9rC1I6pWcM8_y3V6qshyb3RCo6SGmp1xPbJCfe8TNZqxjFkKgiq2vsQ4vuCLNgwYZ9V7ggdTVfY-WQreX9pwIxd1M5je4077RhfZu7_9GYxx4kfNU7DXY4LxHaLCfH2sXbP52Eh14fYqbSA/s2937/Archaeology%20OT%206X9%203D%20Cover2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2937" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJritsCAmTlvVp-15cQ74ySkZ9UB8WzKP-Dom9rC1I6pWcM8_y3V6qshyb3RCo6SGmp1xPbJCfe8TNZqxjFkKgiq2vsQ4vuCLNgwYZ9V7ggdTVfY-WQreX9pwIxd1M5je4077RhfZu7_9GYxx4kfNU7DXY4LxHaLCfH2sXbP52Eh14fYqbSA/s320/Archaeology%20OT%206X9%203D%20Cover2.jpg" width="261" /></a></div></i><i><br /><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/07/the-cities-of-new-testament.html" target="_blank">The Cities of the New Testament World<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="rumble" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://rumble.com/embed/v3ko4rm/?pub=17mp4x" width="640"></iframe>
</a></i></h1><p style="text-align: left;"><i>The Cities of the New Testament World</i> is an invaluable resource for anyone wanting to understand the world of the Bible. Through its comprehensive coverage of the 89 cities of the New Testament, readers can gain insight into the culture and people of the time, as well as the historical, political, and social context in which Jesus and his apostles lived. <i>The Cities of the New Testament World </i>is an essential tool for anyone looking to deepen their knowledge of the Bible and its world. Here is an example of one of the cities considered. I have excavated this site for ca. 15 years and present here the results of my research.</p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Explore
the ancient cities of the New Testament world with Dr. Graves! Journey to
bustling metropolises like Rome, and explore the holy land of Jerusalem.
Discover the cultures, histories, and social structures of the cities that
shaped the religious landscape of the ancient Mediterranean. Uncover the origin
of their names, the recent archaeological discoveries, and their biblical
relevance with the help of this well-travelled bible scholar and archaeologist.
Get an essential companion for understanding the New Testament in it's cultural
context!</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><a href="https://rumble.com/v3n9iqg-003-the-cities-of-the-new-testament-world.html" target="_blank">Video Introduction</a> </span> <br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><i><br /></i><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjegOPwUWa5cOM60nCKMoreE-iu3aaA3PcY7vRCYoxC0iQ0R_Z_t-DPJ32gn1gK0e3QDiWk4ylUqNFBNeFzqsEpN1VQ3gjhCzOWzTDejg3Ajh-MFCkii11lZk6rA7jJtdSZcElZYjhB9zWlbem6I1Kg7Mq8-1M1n_3I8XmFBeSXjQ49NK_USw/s1654/Livias.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="965" data-original-width="1654" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjegOPwUWa5cOM60nCKMoreE-iu3aaA3PcY7vRCYoxC0iQ0R_Z_t-DPJ32gn1gK0e3QDiWk4ylUqNFBNeFzqsEpN1VQ3gjhCzOWzTDejg3Ajh-MFCkii11lZk6rA7jJtdSZcElZYjhB9zWlbem6I1Kg7Mq8-1M1n_3I8XmFBeSXjQ49NK_USw/w400-h234/Livias.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">101. Tall el-Hammâm, and the area around the Tall, which is believed<br />by the author to be the location of Livias (Beth-ramtha), the <br />administrative centre of Perea under Herod Antipas. The insert is <br />the bust of Livia Drusilla, (58 BC–ad 29), Tiberius’ mother and the <br />wife of Augustus whom Antipas named the city.<br />© David E. Graves<p class="PhotoCaptionArialFont" style="margin-left: 0cm;"></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><!--[if !mso]>
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line-height:normal;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent2FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 2";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent2LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 2";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent2OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 2";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#EFD3D2;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent2OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 2";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#EFD3D2;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border-top:solid #9BBB59 1.0pt;
border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid #9BBB59 1.0pt;
border-right:none;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Garamond",serif;
color:#76923C;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#E6EED5;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#E6EED5;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid #B3CC82 1.0pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Garamond",serif;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
color:white;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:2.25pt double #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#E6EED5;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#E6EED5;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3EvenRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:even-row;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:66;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid #9BBB59 1.0pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"TimesNewRoman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:66;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:white;
mso-tstyle-border-top:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:3.0pt solid #9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:66;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:white;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:66;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:white;
mso-tstyle-border-top:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:66;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:white;
mso-tstyle-border-top:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:66;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#E6EED5;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:66;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#E6EED5;
mso-tstyle-border-top:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3NWCell
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:nw-cell;
mso-style-priority:66;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:white;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3SWCell
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:sw-cell;
mso-style-priority:66;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:72;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-tstyle-shading:#F2EFF6;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Garamond",serif;
color:black;}
table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:72;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#7E9C40;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.5pt solid white;
color:white;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:72;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:white;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.5pt solid black;
color:#7E9C40;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:72;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:72;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:72;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#DFD8E8;
mso-tstyle-border-top:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:72;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#E5DFEC;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border-top:solid #4BACC6 1.0pt;
border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid #4BACC6 1.0pt;
border-right:none;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Biddle-Italic;
mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;
color:#31849B;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#D2EAF1;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#D2EAF1;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid #4BACC6 1.0pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Biddle-Italic;
mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:2.25pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
font-family:DengXian;
mso-ascii-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:DengXian;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:2.25pt double #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
font-family:DengXian;
mso-ascii-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:DengXian;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:DengXian;
mso-ascii-font-family:DengXian;
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mso-hansi-font-family:DengXian;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
font-family:DengXian;
mso-ascii-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:DengXian;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5OddRow
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mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5EvenRow
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table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Biddle-Italic;
mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5FirstRow
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line-height:normal;
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table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5LastRow
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table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5FirstCol
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table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5LastCol
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table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5OddColumn
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table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5OddRow
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table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5EvenRow
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5
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font-family:Biddle-Italic;
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5FirstRow
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5LastRow
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mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 2 - Accent 5";
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mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 2 - Accent 5";
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mso-style-unhide:no;
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mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
color:white;
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 2 - Accent 5";
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mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#D8D8D8;
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mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 2 - Accent 5";
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mso-style-priority:64;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5NECell
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 2 - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:ne-cell;
mso-style-priority:64;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:2.25pt solid windowtext;
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mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5NWCell
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 2 - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:nw-cell;
mso-style-priority:64;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:2.25pt solid windowtext;
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mso-tstyle-border-bottom:2.25pt solid windowtext;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
color:white;}
table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 1 - Accent 5";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:65;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border-top:solid #4BACC6 1.0pt;
border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid #4BACC6 1.0pt;
border-right:none;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Biddle-Italic;
mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;
color:black;}
table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 1 - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:65;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
font-family:DengXian;
mso-ascii-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:DengXian;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 1 - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:65;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
color:#1F497D;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 1 - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:65;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 1 - Accent 5";
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mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
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table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 1 - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:65;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#D2EAF1;}
table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 1 - Accent 5";
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mso-style-priority:65;
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 5";
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:67;
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border:solid #78C0D4 1.0pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
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mso-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #78C0D4;
mso-tstyle-shading:#D2EAF1;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Biddle-Italic;
mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 5";
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mso-style-unhide:no;
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5OddColumn
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5OddRow
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 2 - Accent 5";
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font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"TimesNewRoman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 2 - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 2 - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 2 - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 2 - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 2 - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 2 - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5NWCell
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 2 - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent5
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent5FirstRow
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent5LastRow
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent5FirstCol
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent5LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent5OddColumn
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent5OddRow
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent6
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 6";
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font-family:"Garamond",serif;
color:#E36C0A;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent6FirstRow
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent6LastRow
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent6FirstCol
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent6LastCol
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent6OddColumn
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent6OddRow
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table.LightGrid-Accent51
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table.LightGrid-Accent511
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table.LightGrid-Accent52
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table.LightShading-Accent11
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table.LightShading-Accent111
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 111";
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table.LightShading-Accent112
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 112";
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table.LightShading-Accent113
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 113";
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table.LightShading-Accent113FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 113";
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table.LightShading-Accent113LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 113";
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table.LightShading-Accent113FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 113";
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table.LightShading-Accent113LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 113";
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table.LightShading-Accent113OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 113";
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table.LightShading-Accent113OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 113";
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table.LightShading-Accent51
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 51";
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table.LightShading-Accent511
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table.LightShading-Accent52
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table.LightShading1
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading1";
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table.LightShading11
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading11";
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table.LightShading12
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading12";
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table.LightShading13
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading13";
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table.LightShading13FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading13";
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table.LightShading13LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading13";
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table.LightShading13FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading13";
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table.LightShading13LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading13";
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table.LightShading13OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading13";
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table.LightShading13OddRow
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent51
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent511
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent52
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table.LightShading-Accent12
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mso-style-priority:60;
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border-top:solid #4F81BD 1.0pt;
border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid #4F81BD 1.0pt;
border-right:none;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Garamond",serif;
color:#365F91;}
table.LightShading-Accent12FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 12";
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mso-style-priority:60;
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mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
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mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
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table.LightShading-Accent12LastRow
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mso-style-priority:60;
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mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
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line-height:normal;
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table.LightShading-Accent12FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 12";
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table.LightShading-Accent12LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 12";
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table.LightShading-Accent12OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 12";
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mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.LightShading-Accent12OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 12";
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mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.Style12
{mso-style-name:Style1;
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-priority:99;
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mso-style-qformat:yes;
border:none;
border-top:groove black 6.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:three-d-engrave black 6.0pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-tstyle-shading:#C2D69B;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Garamond",serif;}
table.LightGrid-Accent5111
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border:solid #4BACC6 1.0pt;
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mso-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.LightGrid-Accent512
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 512";
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mso-style-unhide:no;
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font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.LightGrid-Accent521
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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mso-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.LightGrid-Accent53
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 53";
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:62;
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border:solid #4BACC6 1.0pt;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";}
table.LightGrid-Accent53FirstRow
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mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
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line-height:normal;
font-family:DengXian;
mso-ascii-font-family:DengXian;
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mso-hansi-font-family:DengXian;
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mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.LightGrid-Accent53LastRow
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table.LightGrid-Accent53FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 53";
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table.LightGrid-Accent53LastCol
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table.LightGrid-Accent53OddColumn
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mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;}
table.LightGrid-Accent53OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 53";
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table.LightGrid-Accent53EvenRow
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mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;}
table.LightShading-Accent1111
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1111";
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border-top:solid #4F81BD 1.0pt;
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font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
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color:#365F91;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.LightShading-Accent1121
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1121";
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table.LightShading-Accent1131
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table.LightShading-Accent1131FirstRow
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table.LightShading-Accent1131LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1131";
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table.LightShading-Accent1131FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1131";
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table.LightShading-Accent1131LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1131";
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table.LightShading-Accent1131OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1131";
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mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.LightShading-Accent1131OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1131";
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mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.LightShading-Accent114
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 114";
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table.LightShading-Accent5111
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5111";
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color:#31849B;
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table.LightShading-Accent512
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 512";
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mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.LightShading-Accent521
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 521";
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table.LightShading-Accent53
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
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table.LightShading-Accent53FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
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table.LightShading-Accent53LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
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table.LightShading-Accent53FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
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table.LightShading-Accent53LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
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table.LightShading-Accent53OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
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table.LightShading-Accent53OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
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mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
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table.LightShading111
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading111";
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
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font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.LightShading121
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading121";
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
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table.LightShading131
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading131";
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:60;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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table.LightShading131FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading131";
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mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
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table.LightShading131LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading131";
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mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
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table.LightShading131FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading131";
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mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
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table.LightShading131LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading131";
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table.LightShading131OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading131";
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table.LightShading131OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading131";
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table.LightShading14
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mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent5111
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 5111";
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent512
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent521
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 53";
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53FirstRow
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53LastRow
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53FirstCol
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53LastCol
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53OddColumn
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53OddRow
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent5111
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent512
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent521
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53FirstRow
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53LastRow
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53FirstCol
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53LastCol
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 2 - Accent 53";
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53OddRow
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53NWCell
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 2 - Accent 53";
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent5111
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 5111";
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent512
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 512";
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent521
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 53";
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 53";
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 53";
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 53";
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 53";
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 53";
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 53";
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table.MediumList1-Accent5111
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 1 - Accent 5111";
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font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";
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</p><h2 class="HBNormal1st" style="text-align: left;"><b>Livias, Perea<br /></b></h2><p class="HBNormal1st" style="text-align: justify;">In the first cent. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ad,</span> Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a name="_Hlk47348381">(</a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk47348381;"><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif;">Λιβιάς
</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk47348381;"><i>Libiás</i>; Lat. </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk47348381;"><i>Livias</i> </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk47348381;"></span><i>Livias</i>, <i>Levidam,
Leviadem; also Julias</i><i>; Bēthramphthá </i><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif;">Βηθαραμθα;</span> Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.J. </i>18.27;
<i>Beth-Haram</i><i>, Betharan</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.J. </i>13:27;
<i>y.</i> <i>Šeb.</i> 9.2 [38d]) was the leading city (<span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">πόλις</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><i>polis</i>)<span style="font-family: Bwgrkl;"> </span>in the region (<span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">τοπαρχίαις </span><i>toparchiais</i>)<span style="font-family: Bwgrkl;"> </span>of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Perea</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Transjordan;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>B.J.</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>2.252), on the road linking Esbus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Hesbân; fig. 2)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>with <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Jericho</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Jerusalem</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eusebius</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On.</i>
12). Although it is not mentioned in the Bible the importance of the city is
illustrated by <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eusebius</span> who often
used it as a point of reference for his <i>Geography</i> (<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">On.</span></i>
12; 16; 44, 48; 168) and by the fact that it was identified by name on
milestones<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on the Roman road linking Esbus (Hesbân) with <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Jericho</span> and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Jerusalem</span> (<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Eusebius</span> <i>On.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP497E3;"> </span>12).</p>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
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mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Gentium;}
table.MsoTableGrid
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
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mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
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mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent2
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 2";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border-top:solid #C0504D 1.0pt;
border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid #C0504D 1.0pt;
border-right:none;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Garamond",serif;
color:#943634;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent2FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 2";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #C0504D;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent2LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 2";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #C0504D;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #C0504D;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent2FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 2";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent2LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 2";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent2OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 2";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#EFD3D2;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent2OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 2";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#EFD3D2;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border-top:solid #9BBB59 1.0pt;
border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid #9BBB59 1.0pt;
border-right:none;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Garamond",serif;
color:#76923C;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#E6EED5;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent3OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid #B3CC82 1.0pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Garamond",serif;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
color:white;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:2.25pt double #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #B3CC82;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#E6EED5;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
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mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#E6EED5;
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mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent3EvenRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:even-row;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:66;
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border:solid #9BBB59 1.0pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"TimesNewRoman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:66;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:white;
mso-tstyle-border-top:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:3.0pt solid #9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
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mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
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mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #9BBB59;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
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mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #9BBB59;
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mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
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mso-style-priority:66;
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mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
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mso-style-priority:66;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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mso-tstyle-border-bottom:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3NWCell
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:nw-cell;
mso-style-priority:66;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:white;}
table.MsoTableMediumList2Accent3SWCell
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 2 - Accent 3";
mso-table-condition:sw-cell;
mso-style-priority:66;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:72;
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mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-tstyle-shading:#F2EFF6;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Garamond",serif;
color:black;}
table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:72;
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mso-tstyle-shading:#7E9C40;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.5pt solid white;
color:white;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
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mso-style-priority:72;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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mso-tstyle-border-top:1.5pt solid black;
color:#7E9C40;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
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table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
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table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
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mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#DFD8E8;
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mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
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table.MsoTableColorfulListAccent4OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Colorful List - Accent 4";
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mso-style-priority:72;
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mso-tstyle-shading:#E5DFEC;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border-top:solid #4BACC6 1.0pt;
border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid #4BACC6 1.0pt;
border-right:none;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Biddle-Italic;
mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;
color:#31849B;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
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mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
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mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
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mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
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mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
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mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
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mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#D2EAF1;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent5OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5";
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mso-style-priority:60;
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mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:62;
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border:solid #4BACC6 1.0pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
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mso-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Biddle-Italic;
mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:2.25pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
font-family:DengXian;
mso-ascii-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:DengXian;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:2.25pt double #4BACC6;
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mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
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line-height:normal;
font-family:DengXian;
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mso-hansi-font-family:DengXian;
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mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
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mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
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mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
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mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5EvenRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
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mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;}
table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5
{mso-style-name:"Medium Shading 1 - Accent 5";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:63;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid #78C0D4 1.0pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:1.0pt solid #78C0D4;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Biddle-Italic;
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table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5LastRow
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table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5FirstCol
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table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5LastCol
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table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5OddColumn
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table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5OddRow
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table.MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5EvenRow
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5
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font-family:Biddle-Italic;
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5FirstRow
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5LastRow
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5FirstCol
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5LastCol
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5OddColumn
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5OddRow
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5NECell
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table.MsoTableMediumShading2Accent5NWCell
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table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 1 - Accent 5";
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border-top:solid #4BACC6 1.0pt;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Biddle-Italic;
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table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5FirstRow
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font-family:DengXian;
mso-ascii-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:DengXian;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium List 1 - Accent 5";
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color:#1F497D;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
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table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5FirstCol
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table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5LastCol
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table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5OddColumn
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table.MsoTableMediumList1Accent5OddRow
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 5";
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mso-style-priority:67;
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border:solid #78C0D4 1.0pt;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Biddle-Italic;
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 5";
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5LastRow
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5FirstCol
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5LastCol
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5OddColumn
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5OddRow
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5FirstRow
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5LastRow
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5FirstCol
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5LastCol
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5OddColumn
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5OddRow
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid2Accent5NWCell
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent5FirstRow
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent5LastRow
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent5FirstCol
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent5LastCol
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent5OddColumn
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table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent5OddRow
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent6
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 6";
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent6FirstRow
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line-height:normal;
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent6LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 6";
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table.MsoTableLightShadingAccent6OddRow
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table.LightGrid-Accent51
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table.LightGrid-Accent511
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table.LightShading-Accent11
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table.LightShading-Accent111
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table.LightShading-Accent113FirstRow
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table.LightShading-Accent113FirstCol
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table.LightShading-Accent113OddColumn
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table.LightShading-Accent113OddRow
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table.LightShading-Accent51
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table.LightShading-Accent511
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table.LightShading-Accent52
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table.LightShading1
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table.LightShading11
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table.LightShading12
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table.LightShading13FirstRow
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table.LightShading13LastRow
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table.LightShading13FirstCol
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table.LightShading13LastCol
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table.LightShading13OddColumn
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table.LightShading13OddRow
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent51
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent511
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent511
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mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.LightShading-Accent12FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 12";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
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table.LightShading-Accent12LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 12";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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table.LightShading-Accent12OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 12";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#D3DFEE;
mso-tstyle-border-left:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.LightShading-Accent12OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 12";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
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mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
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mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.Style12
{mso-style-name:Style1;
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-priority:99;
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mso-style-qformat:yes;
border:none;
border-top:groove black 6.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:three-d-engrave black 6.0pt;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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font-family:"Garamond",serif;}
table.LightGrid-Accent5111
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5111";
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
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border:solid #4BACC6 1.0pt;
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mso-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
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font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.LightGrid-Accent512
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 512";
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.LightGrid-Accent521
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 521";
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.LightGrid-Accent53
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 53";
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mso-style-priority:62;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";}
table.LightGrid-Accent53FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 53";
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mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
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line-height:normal;
font-family:DengXian;
mso-ascii-font-family:DengXian;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:DengXian;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.LightGrid-Accent53LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 53";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
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mso-tstyle-border-top:2.25pt double #4BACC6;
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mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.LightGrid-Accent53FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 53";
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mso-style-priority:62;
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font-family:DengXian;
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mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.LightGrid-Accent53LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 53";
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table.LightGrid-Accent53OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 53";
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table.LightGrid-Accent53OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 53";
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mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;}
table.LightGrid-Accent53EvenRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 53";
mso-table-condition:even-row;
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mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
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mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;}
table.LightShading-Accent1111
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1111";
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border-top:solid #4F81BD 1.0pt;
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font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
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mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.LightShading-Accent1121
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1121";
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mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
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table.LightShading-Accent1131
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1131";
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table.LightShading-Accent1131FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1131";
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table.LightShading-Accent1131LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1131";
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table.LightShading-Accent1131FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1131";
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table.LightShading-Accent1131LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1131";
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table.LightShading-Accent1131OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1131";
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mso-tstyle-shading:#D3DFEE;
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mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.LightShading-Accent1131OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 1131";
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table.LightShading-Accent114
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 114";
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mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
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table.LightShading-Accent5111
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 5111";
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mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
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table.LightShading-Accent512
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 512";
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mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.LightShading-Accent521
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 521";
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table.LightShading-Accent53
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
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table.LightShading-Accent53FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
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mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
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table.LightShading-Accent53LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
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table.LightShading-Accent53FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
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mso-style-priority:60;
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table.LightShading-Accent53LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:60;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
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table.LightShading-Accent53OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
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mso-style-priority:60;
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mso-tstyle-shading:#D2EAF1;
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mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.LightShading-Accent53OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading - Accent 53";
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mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.LightShading111
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading111";
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-parent:"";
border-top:solid black 1.0pt;
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border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
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font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.LightShading121
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading121";
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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border-top:solid black 1.0pt;
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border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
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font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.LightShading131
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading131";
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:60;
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border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
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mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"AGaramond",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:"David Transparent";
color:black;}
table.LightShading131FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Shading131";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:60;
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table.LightShading131LastRow
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table.LightShading131FirstCol
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table.LightShading131LastCol
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table.LightShading131OddColumn
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table.LightShading131OddRow
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table.LightShading14
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent5111
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent512
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent521
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53FirstRow
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53LastRow
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53FirstCol
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53LastCol
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53OddColumn
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table.MediumGrid1-Accent53OddRow
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent5111
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent512
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent521
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53FirstRow
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53LastRow
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53FirstCol
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53LastCol
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53OddColumn
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53OddRow
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table.MediumGrid2-Accent53NWCell
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent5111
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent512
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent521
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53FirstRow
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53LastRow
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53FirstCol
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53LastCol
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53OddColumn
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table.MediumGrid3-Accent53OddRow
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table.MediumList1-Accent5111
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table.MediumList1-Accent512
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table.MediumList1-Accent521
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table.MediumList1-Accent53
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<td>
<div>
<p class="PhotoCaptionArialFont" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><a name="_Toc119441543"></a><span style="font-family: "Gotham Light"; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
</div>
<br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Location</h3><p>
</p><h4 class="HBHeading3" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc237929235"></a><a name="_Toc270353365"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span lang="EN-GB">The Case for Tall er-Rameh</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></h4>
<p class="HBNormal1st" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;">The traditional
location of the Roman city of Livias</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is
identified at Tall er-Rameh</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(TeR)
(Coord.: 31°49´32.28"N 35°38´40.46"E; UTM
36R 750.305E 352.4156N).</span><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"> The strongest evidence for identification
of Tall er-Rameh with Livias is that the modern name er-Rameh may have derived
from the ancient names of </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif;">Βηθαραμθᾶ</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> </span>or </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif;">Βηθραμθα</span></span><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif;">
(</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><i>Bēthramphthá)</i></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif;">
</span>which is what <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Josephus</span>
indicates was the name for Livias (Jos.</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.J. </i>18.27; 14.1.4). However,
etymological links between TeR and Livias are weak at best and TeR does not
have monumental Roman buildings or thermal springs</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that
must be associated with Livias.</span><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"> In addition, the </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Roman mile</span> markers do not support the
distances from TeR that are required for the location of Livias.</span></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHdSYSADkPCkCAOpqequnb0tJjFQxJIj7BrOIMGDVCCjE5OyN5XvSuV3L8DpfDtbqsoYpCxeT-xrdykzlTUm7-hj4OjWn2zosGv6FrU79cxcEJyFoI665HSHjWcUTruYWc0JCW7irw0ZuBjzIDjxlADtGrHzBxJxRU9de6W5ib_-iMSEJc5Q/s4961/Figure21.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3476" data-original-width="4961" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHdSYSADkPCkCAOpqequnb0tJjFQxJIj7BrOIMGDVCCjE5OyN5XvSuV3L8DpfDtbqsoYpCxeT-xrdykzlTUm7-hj4OjWn2zosGv6FrU79cxcEJyFoI665HSHjWcUTruYWc0JCW7irw0ZuBjzIDjxlADtGrHzBxJxRU9de6W5ib_-iMSEJc5Q/s320/Figure21.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a name="_Ref42336118"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc119441544;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47177851;">102. Map of the Roman road indicating the milestones and co-ordinates <br />for Tall al-Hammam. G.I.S. co-ordinates were taken by Qutaiba Dasouqi <br />of the DOA and David Graves on 18 January, 2010. The insert is of the <br />Roman mile marker located on the <i>via publica</i> at the VIIIth mile. <br />© David E. Graves and Qutaiba Dasouqi used by permission</span></span></a>.</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> </td></tr></tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><br />A closer
examination of the archaeological survey for Tall er-Rameh</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reveals that it only has modest Roman remains
and thus its identification with Livias</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc237929235;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is
questionable; new evidence challenges this established view. </span>Noticeably
missing are any military fortifications or <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">aqueduct</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>infrastructure necessary for a city the size
and significance of Livias.<p></p>
<p class="HBHeading3">
</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353366;"><span lang="EN-GB">The Case
for Tall al-Hammam</span></span></h4><p>
</p><p></p>
<p class="HBNormal1st">Tall al-Hammam (TaH; Coord.: 31°50´26.58"N 35°40´28.28"E),
the most prominent tall in the Jordan Valley and close to Tall er-Rameh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2.5 km),<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
has been overlooked by other archaeologists in the debate for the location of
Livias. Wolf (d. 2004), a protégé of
Albright, observed the difficulty of limiting ancient cities to only one archaeological
site, including Livias:</p>
<p class="GPNormalQuote">Villages are well located by <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eusebius</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in these city-districts. If our finding them
today is difficult, it is not so much the fault of the ancient writers as of
other factors. As in the 20th century, so in the 4th, a village was not a
single tell and a city was not a narrow spot at a milestone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as some scholars seem to assume. Tell Deir
‘Alla, Franken points out, is only a small section of the total location of
Deir ‘Alla as known to the natives today. <i><span style="color: #222a35;">To
limit Livias</span></i><i><span style="color: #222a35;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Julius) to Tell
er-Rameh even if it fits <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eusebius</span>
closely is to be unrealistic.</span></i> . . . Avi-Yonah in his map of Roman
Palestine notes the region of a city or town properly on the basis of; first,
all the inhabited places mentioned as belonging to it, second, all places whose
localization is determined by measurement from it, and third all territory
watered by the <span style="color: black; font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">aqueduct</span>.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #222a35; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal1st"><span style="mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Wolf’s criteria were kept in mind when the </span>literary, geographical,
and architectural evidence for the location of Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was examined for Tall al-Hammam and published
by Graves and Stripling.<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
</p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">The archaeological site of Tall al-<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>amm<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span>m<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(“hill of the hot springs”)<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
has been associated as part of the ancient city of Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Lat. <i>Levidam, Leviadem; also Julias</i>).<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
The excavations at Tall al-<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>amm<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span>m have strengthened
the arguments and supported by the descriptions of ancient writers and pilgrims
for the identification of the site.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
The discovery of the large thermal bath<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>complex (fig. ), tower complex, <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">aqueducts</span>, nearby <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">mosaics</span>, and the presence of at least
five thermal springs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>all support this hypothesis. Of all the sites
in the region Tall al-<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>amm<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span>m is
the only one that is associated with thermal springs. </p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtoKF8DTDOz4fNCzzcQRbIb8GXO_Z0l-w8yzB0V9H47N6I-PPWrlr-GZcQl7LjNgDqum23akQvtKD39RdCIeGi7HBl6psnA8-XF7nuan81vX_e_IeBxXC4vd-RU1jV-pl8AzDDtiRHX4v9j7Cwl5SZYX2NNo8ZWhP7AGvQKDU82yc3SQjnLA/s3712/Fig3.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3712" data-original-width="2800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtoKF8DTDOz4fNCzzcQRbIb8GXO_Z0l-w8yzB0V9H47N6I-PPWrlr-GZcQl7LjNgDqum23akQvtKD39RdCIeGi7HBl6psnA8-XF7nuan81vX_e_IeBxXC4vd-RU1jV-pl8AzDDtiRHX4v9j7Cwl5SZYX2NNo8ZWhP7AGvQKDU82yc3SQjnLA/s320/Fig3.JPG" width="241" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">103. Roman milestone indicating six <br />Roman Miles to Roman Esbus-Livias. <br />© David E. Graves</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 class="HBHeading3" style="text-align: left;">
<a name="_Toc119441549"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47274628;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47274628;"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Four Referents</span></h3>
<p class="HBNormal1st">
</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>The location of Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>can be identified by intersecting four
milestone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>referents provide distances to its location.<p></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">The first reference is the VI<sup>th</sup> milestone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";">milliaire</span></i>)<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
on the Esbus/Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>road<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
placing Livias twelve <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Roman miles</span> (17.7 km) W of Esbus (<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";">Essebōn</span></i>, Hesban, Heshbon). The VI<sup>th</sup>
milestone is on display at the Mount Nebo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interpretation center.</p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">Several milestones<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(II, IV, VI, VII)
have been located (fig. <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">102</span><span style="background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua;"></span>)
along the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">via publica</i> from Esbus.<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
A fifth milestone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was located at the VIII mile during the 2010
survey by Graves. The road between Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Esbus was used by pilgrims travelling from
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Jerusalem</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>via Jericho<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
and the Jordan River<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(“twenty milestones<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>away from the Jordan,” <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eusebius</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On. </i>84
[Freeman-Greenville]) to reach Mount Nebo, the sanctuary of Moses (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eusebius</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On.</i> 16; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eg.</i> 10.8-9). The
VI<sup>th</sup> mile marker was the point where one could either climb to the
top of Mount Nebo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or turn N to visit the Ayûn Mûsâ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Springs of Moses] (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eusebius</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> On.</i> 136).
The Mount Nebo Interpretation Display reads: “The Sixth Mile, near the Roman
fortress of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mahattah</i>, at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sarabit</i> [milestone] halfway between
Esbus [Hesban] and Livias.” <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This mile marker indicates that the
Roman road was approximately twelve </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Roman miles </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">from
Esbus to Livias.</span></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second </span>directional reference is
made by <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Eusebius</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who confirms that Livias</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is 12 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Roman miles</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> W of Heshbon</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or Esbus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On.
</i>12; 18; 48; 136<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">).</span></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">A third directional reference is found in Theodosius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>where he states that “the city of Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is across the Jordan, twelve miles [Rm, 17.75
km] from Jericho’ to the E (<i>Topografia</i>
19 [Wilkinson]). <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";"></span></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">The fourth directional referent is that according to <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Eusebius</span>, Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is five <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Roman miles</span> (7.5 km)
S of Tall Nimrin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>located at Bethnambris<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i>Bethnamaris</i>; <i>Bethnamran</i>;
Num 32:36; TMP 749034E, 3532378N; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eusebius</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On.</i> 44; see also Jerome<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>45).<span style="background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua;"> </span></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">These four directional references provide EW and NS
co-ordinates that narrow the location of Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(see the circles that that triangulate its
location on the map fig. 102).
The 2010 GPS coordinates of the Roman Road from Esbus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i>Tall</i> <i><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>esb</i><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span>n</i>) to the Thermal Bath
Complex<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at Tall al-<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>amm<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span>m<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>indicate the distance at 14.1 <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Roman
miles</span> (20.98 km) and to the entrance of the city at 13.36 <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Roman
miles</span> (19.76 km). The GPS distance to Tall er-Rameh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was measured at 15.3 <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Roman miles</span> (22.64
km).<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Tall al-<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>amm<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span>m is more accurate to the ancient
Roman milestone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>measurements than Tall er-Rameh and the more
likely candidate for ancient Livias.</p>
<h3 class="HBHeading3" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc270353359"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Hot Springs</span></a></h3>
<p class="HBNormal1st"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;">Livias</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was
also known for its thermal springs</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><i>aquae calidae).</i></span><a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"> From the 5<sup>th</sup> cent. <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>, several Christian pilgrims during
their pilgrimages described visiting the thermal springs</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at
Livias (Theodosius</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Top.</i> 19; </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ad</span> 491–530; Antoninus Placentinus</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ca. </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ad</span> 570</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><cite><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif;"> Itinerarium Antonini Placentini</span></cite>;</span><a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"> Gregory of Tours</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;">, </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><i>De
Gloria Martyrum</i> 1.17</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> ad</span>
538–594). One of the earliest accounts of thermal springs</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at
Livias was recorded by Petrus of Iberia</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;">, bishop of Maioumas-Gaza</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;">, who visited Livias in <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> 428 “to bathe in the hot spring
because of his infirmity” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vita Petri
Iberi</i> §116 [R83 Horn and Phenix]). The location was known as the </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><i>thermae Moses</i> (“Spring of Moses”; </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><i>Vit. Pet.</i> §116 [R83]). Clearly,
thermal springs</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><i>aquae calidae</i>) were identified by
the pilgrims at the city of Livias; thus, TeR could not have been Livias since
it had no springs. There are five documented thermal springs</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>around Tall al-</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>amm</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span>m</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;">.</span><a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXTb6EWl8LqJ1bP6Kt5ZqbFKUcgBf4XNc7hbTRDkPNU7RzOUSnmsoizZtu-zpv0Eits37vcO_DR735KloD1wLDXZe_hVVXi_l6obZchM4I8-UJx7AgieeRmLl2_IgNoIRnHs9AbGEsmta9CD9_11SnvFghMNP6xX9w6gbKM-TyI2GcXQaaBw/s473/Madaba%20Map1.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="473" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXTb6EWl8LqJ1bP6Kt5ZqbFKUcgBf4XNc7hbTRDkPNU7RzOUSnmsoizZtu-zpv0Eits37vcO_DR735KloD1wLDXZe_hVVXi_l6obZchM4I8-UJx7AgieeRmLl2_IgNoIRnHs9AbGEsmta9CD9_11SnvFghMNP6xX9w6gbKM-TyI2GcXQaaBw/s320/Madaba%20Map1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">104. Madaba Map indicating the city of Livias <br />(Site two, Tall el-Ḥammām)<br />© David E. Graves</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353359;"></span>
<p class="HBHeading3">
</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353360;"><span lang="EN-GB">The Madaba</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270353360;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Map</span></span></h3>
<p></p>
<p class="HBNormal1st">The famous <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Madaba</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mosaic Map</span><a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
of the Holy Land may provide clues for the identification of Livias. On the <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Madaba
Map</span> each city is portrayed by a stylized vignette and is accompanied by
its name in Greek. The identification of Site Two with the city of Livias is
held by most scholars<a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
and has been identified among other sites as <span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tall al-Ḥammām</span><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span><a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<h3 class="HBHeading2" style="text-align: left;">History</h3>
<p class="HBNormal1st"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">According to </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Josephus</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ad</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> 37–ca. 100), the Hasmonean</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>king
Alexander Jannaeus</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(r. ca.
103–76 </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">bc</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">) captured the city of Livias</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Λιβιάς</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><i>Libias</i><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">) from the Arab king Aretas</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in
about 80 </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">bc</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (Jos.</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A.J.</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> 14.1.4 §14).</span>
</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<div><p class="Caption2">
</p></div>
<br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH6oFfBrjGI6K3lfNOKl6E3QEPX6gQAlcH-1-_SWkhskN596XyaFH9r16CTUOm7shA-a9ZF2cIUKq7mX0OVGub_dIWOhk8R9fnjhmg8yxLaiWEYev4qZpsQOw5BvPEadRn6vmV1xnvm07MjS9-jrQEevIjgS1oJ5s9txlAlYbhR-m-48TLmg/s473/Livias%20Date%20Palms.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="473" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH6oFfBrjGI6K3lfNOKl6E3QEPX6gQAlcH-1-_SWkhskN596XyaFH9r16CTUOm7shA-a9ZF2cIUKq7mX0OVGub_dIWOhk8R9fnjhmg8yxLaiWEYev4qZpsQOw5BvPEadRn6vmV1xnvm07MjS9-jrQEevIjgS1oJ5s9txlAlYbhR-m-48TLmg/s320/Livias%20Date%20Palms.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a name="_Ref43471601"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc119441547;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47177841;">105</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc119441547;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47177841;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc119441547;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47177841;">. Date palms grown
at the SW end of Tall al-</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc119441547;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47177841;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>amm</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc119441547;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47177841;"><span style="font-family: "Garamond",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span>m.</span></span>
<p class="PhotoCaptionArialFont" style="margin-left: 0cm;">© David E. Graves</p></td></tr></tbody></table><br />During Herod<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Great’s reign (37–4<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> bc</span>), the city was called <i>Betharamtha</i>
(<span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif;">Βηθαραμθα</span>;<a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>
Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>A.J.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP497E3;"> </span>18.27; <i>Beth-Haram</i><i>, Betharan</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Joshua 13:27) and ruled by Herod’s brother Phasael.
Herod<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Great planted a renowned date-palm
(Nicolaitan) plantation near the city (Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>B.J.</i> 2.59; Theodosius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Top.</i> 19).<a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
The dates were of high quality both juicy and sweet (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Pliny</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Nat.</i> 13.44). The <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Madaba</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Map</span> also depicts the date palms still
growing in the area of Livias-Betharamtha in the sixth cent. <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> (fig. 104).<a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
Date palms still grow at the edge of Tall al-<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>amm<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span>m<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(fig. 105).<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">After Herod’s death in 4 BC,
insurrectionists burned the city. In <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>
13, Herod<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Antipas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(r. ca. 4 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">bc</span>–<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> 39) repaired Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as an important administrative centre in Perea.<a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
To honor Emperor Augustus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(r. 27 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">bc</span>–<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> 14) Antipas named the city Julias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>after Livia,<a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Augustus’s wife (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eusebius</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>On.</i> 48:14–15; Jerome<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>49:12–13). Livia was a powerful woman in Roman
society and following her death in <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>
29 she would later be deified by Claudius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>
41 who acknowledged her title of Augusta and would subsequently be consecrated
into the <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">imperial cult</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(and consecration into the <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">imperial
cult</span> (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Suetonius</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Claud.</i>
11; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Seneca</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Apocol</i>. 9).<a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>
Although numerous cities in the West and East held seats honouring the <i>diva
Livia,</i><a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
only two were favoured with names celebrating Livia, Liviopolis in Pontus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Pliny</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Nat</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP497E3;">. </span>6.4, 11; 13.44) and Livias in Perea (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eusebius</span> <i>On.</i> 48:14–15).</p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">While Antipas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was busy rebuilding Livias, he was also busy building Tiberias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as his Galilean capital (Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>A.J.</i> 18.36), having already built a
wall around Sepphoris<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>A.J.</i> 18.27). While all three cities
were built by Antipas (Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>A.J. </i>18.27, 36) it is unlikely that
Livias became as large as <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tiberias</span> or Sepphoris.<a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">In <span lang="EN-US" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ad</span> 14, following Livias’ (Emperor Augustus’ wife) admission into the
Julian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>family (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gens Iulia</i>; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Tacitus</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ann.</i>
1.8, 14; 6.51), Livias was given the name Julias<a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
(Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.J. </i>18.27; 20.29; <i>B.J.</i> 2.168;
2.252; 4.438).<a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>
Schürer argues that Livias was the older name of the city, </p>
<p class="GPNormalQuote">and that this was after the death of Augustus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>altered [it] into that of Julias; but that this new official
appellation was, as in the case of Caesarea<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Philippi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Neronias, unable to banish the older
and already nationalized name. Only <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Josephus</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>uses the official designation of Julias.<a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #222a35; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a> </p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">By the second century, other ancient writers used the
older name Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Pliny</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Nat.</i> 13.44; <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ptolemy</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Geogr.</i> 5.15.6; 5.16.9; <a name="_Hlk27259771">Hierocles</a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk27259771;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk27259771;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk27259771;"><i>Syn.</i> </span>44; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eusebius</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>On.</i> 48; Syncellus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Chronographia</i> 605). Then in <span lang="EN-US" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ad</span>
55,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Nero<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>annexed Julias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Livias] and its fourteen villages and gave
them to Agrippa II<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.J. </i>20.29).
In <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> 68 during the Judaeo-Roman
War, it was captured by Placidus, a general under Vespasianus
(Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>B.J.</i>
4.7.6; 8.2<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">; </span>fig. 223).</p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">In <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> 384,
Egeria<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>testified
that a presbyter (elder/bishop) had a house in Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i>Eg.</i> 10.8). According to Le Quien<a name="_Hlk118750627"></a><a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk118750627;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk118750627;"></span> Livias was still a bishopric in the
fifth and early sixth century. The Byzantine administrative records, list three
Bishops from Livias: Letoius, who was at the council of <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ephesus</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>
431;<a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pancratius, who was at the council of
Chalcedon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>
451; and Zacharias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who attended the council in <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Jerusalem</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>
536.<a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a>
Theoteknos, the first theologian to
articulate the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary,<a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>
was the most famous bishop of Livias, officiating sometime between <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> 550 and 650.<a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">There ceased to be a bishopric in Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sometime before <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> 649.<a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a>
It would be logical to expect a Christian church(es) nearby during the
Byzantine period, especially <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">since</span>
a Byzantine church<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was excavated at nearby Tall Nimrin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which was not a bishopric but part of the
bishopric of Livias.<a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">
</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<div>
<p class="Caption2"><a name="_Toc47177829"></a><a name="_Toc119441548"></a><a name="_Ref38552362"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc119441548;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47177829;"></span></span></a></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipm1L3Q9k4lkyJRsZzrehAziqVff8rgA9_BqxVccRn9chQn7-_dJ95ABBjVnCpJTT_S43PoEdXwipJ6MgCFXr1AVqHIKA4vSfJIPV2A87Xz0K3iJTJFPqYr9Um8wFYFkW6_gpQnmfj3OOwHNe2Hgm9tVJSFukWlH6ibyr6ZAA5ipIcPnPU6Q/s2480/Figure17.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1860" data-original-width="2480" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipm1L3Q9k4lkyJRsZzrehAziqVff8rgA9_BqxVccRn9chQn7-_dJ95ABBjVnCpJTT_S43PoEdXwipJ6MgCFXr1AVqHIKA4vSfJIPV2A87Xz0K3iJTJFPqYr9Um8wFYFkW6_gpQnmfj3OOwHNe2Hgm9tVJSFukWlH6ibyr6ZAA5ipIcPnPU6Q/s320/Figure17.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a name="_Ref38552362"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc119441548;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47177829;">106</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc119441548;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47177829;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc119441548;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47177829;">. <span class="Caption2Char">Mosaic of the chalice/cup in the Byzantine church.</span></span></span><span class="Caption2Char"></span>
<p class="PhotoCaptionArialFont" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span class="Caption2Char"><span style="font-size: 7pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">©
David E. Graves </span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
To date, no Byzantine ecclesiastical structures have been found on
the site of TeH. However, a large, colourful Byzantine <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">mosaic</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>floor (ca. 10 m. by 10 m.) was located 2.6 km
(1.6 miles) to the west of TeH in a local Muslim cemetery. No excavations were
conducted in this site however from the RM/BZ pottery identified in the area
and the chalice/cup <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">mosaic</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>image (fig. 106)
the <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">mosaic</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suggests it was part of a Byzantine church.
Due to this ecclesiastical structure’s proximity to TaH, it is almost certain
to be connected to the Byzantine period at TaH.<p></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">From the initial assessment of the pottery assemblage, it
appears that TaH ended with the Umayyad period (minimal Ayyubid/Mamluk
ceramics).<a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>
If TaH (Livias) came to an end shortly after
the earthquake<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>
749 (Umayyad era), it is possible that Livias continued nearby at Tall er-Rameh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(TeR) under a different, unknown Arabic name.<a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">With the end of the Christian Pilgrims visiting the site
in the late 6<sup>th</sup> century, the mention of Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>disappears from the literary record. Roll
reports that:</p>
<p class="GPNormalQuote"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">after the fall
of the Umayyad dynasty in the middle of the 8<sup>th</sup> century and the
ascent of the Abbasids, the importance of our region [Transjordan] seems to
dwindle in the eyes of the central government.</span><a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #222a35; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">The archaeological evidence (see PO41; PO43; PO44; and
PO45) indicates that the occupation of Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and use of the Thermal Bath Complex<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>continued into the Umayyad (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> 638–750) and possibly Abbasid period
(<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> 750–1258),<a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>
but with the shifting of power from Rome<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to Bagdad<a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a>
the name of the city would have been an unknown Arabic name and the city of
Livias/Julias, as we know it, would have
declined.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[44]</span></span></span></a></span>
The city of Livias was likely destroyed by the earthquake<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of ca. <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>
749 (Umayyad era).<a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<h3 class="HBHeading2" style="text-align: left;">Biblical Relevance</h3>
<p class="HBNormal1st">Under the name of Betharan, Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is mentioned twice in the Bible (Num 32:36;
Jos 13:27). </p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">In the Byzantine period, Egeria<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was a Spanish pilgrim who travelled the Roman
road in <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> 381–384 to visit the
pilgrimage sites from <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Jerusalem</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to Mount Nebo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Jebel en-Neb). Based on the information from
the bishop (presbyter) of Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i>Eg.</i> 10.8) she associates the events
that took place prior to the conquest occurring at Abel-Shittim<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on the Plains of Moab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Num 25:1; 33:49; Deut 1:5; Josh 2:1; 3:1)<a href="#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a>
with Livias, along with the writing of the book of Deuteronomy by Moses during
his stay there. She wrote in her journal that she spoke with the bishop
(presbyter) of Livias (<i>Eg.</i> 10.8) who identified the site with Abel-Shittim
and Sodom<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i>Eg.</i> 10.4–6; 12.5). Egeria then
visited Mount Nebo reported seeing Livias from there. Further directions for
the location of Abel-Shittim (identified with Tall al-<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>amm<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span>m) were recorded by <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eusebius</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who stated that Abel-Shittim was near Mount Peor, and that Beth-Peor (Num
23:28; Josh 13:20; Deut 3:29; 4:44–45; 34:1–6) was located 6 <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Roman
miles</span> E of Livias (<i>On.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP497E3;">
</span>48; 168) on the road to Esbus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Hesbân) and 7 <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Roman
miles</span> from Hesbân<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Esbus; Jerome<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Liber Locorum,</i> 77) near Mount Peor. <span style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";">Eusebius</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";"> places the VI<sup>th</sup> milestone</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";">milliaire</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";">)</span><a href="#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";"> from Livias on the Esbus/Livias road</span><a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";"> twelve </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Roman miles</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";"> (17.7 km) W of Esbus (</span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";">Essebōn</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";">,
Hesbân</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";">, Heshbon; </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Eusebius</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On. </i>12; 18; 48; 136).</span><a href="#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit";"> </span>Most modern scholars place
the events that took place at Abel-Shittim around the area of Tall al-<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>amm<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span>m.<a href="#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="HBNormal2nd">
</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<div><p class="Caption2"><a name="_Toc119441549"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47274628;"></span></a>
</p></div>
<br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj80XupN5EcY3RyXe41QzHfFwEPhRXTm49Nr27Ay8ogVXyXROEiXdaM1J4im_kBbvPqz-adCI4AsOyGnb00FGlupwDhMhV4_Fwk7lTFmpLrWQ9jyXDOjePVCbGij5CZ0i4Lt2ecBr27pamGroknzcWgE_gbwqrvXxRNSOJ2VtK4MsoTgIDgXg/s598/Livias%20Bath%20Complex%20Leen%20Ritmeyer%20drawing.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="598" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj80XupN5EcY3RyXe41QzHfFwEPhRXTm49Nr27Ay8ogVXyXROEiXdaM1J4im_kBbvPqz-adCI4AsOyGnb00FGlupwDhMhV4_Fwk7lTFmpLrWQ9jyXDOjePVCbGij5CZ0i4Lt2ecBr27pamGroknzcWgE_gbwqrvXxRNSOJ2VtK4MsoTgIDgXg/s320/Livias%20Bath%20Complex%20Leen%20Ritmeyer%20drawing.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a name="_Toc119441549"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47274628;">107</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc119441549;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc47274628;">. Architectural
drawing by Leen Ritmeyer based on excavations.</span></span>
<p class="PhotoCaptionArialFont" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">© Leen Ritmeyer</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br />However, in the NT it was the leading city of Perea<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>under the control of Herod Antipas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who beheaded John the Baptist<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Matt 4:1-3; 14:3; Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>A.J. </i>18:119). It is possible that Herod<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was living at Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>when he beheaded John (imprisoned at Machaerus).<a href="#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-themecolor: text1;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a>
Edersheim reasons that during the first year of Jesus’ Galilean ministry,
Antipas resided in Perea at Livias or at Machaerus since Herod<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interacted more with John the Baptist, who was
baptizing and beheaded in southern Perea (Matt 4:1-3; 14:3; Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>A.J. </i>18:119), than Jesus (Luke 13:31,
32; Mark 6:13) who had not had contact with Herod<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Galilee.<p></p>
<h3 class="HBHeading2" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Toc270353362">Arc</a>haeology</h3>
<p class="HBNormal1st">From the research and excavations in the last 15 years
there is strong evidence that the archaeological site of <span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tall
al-Ḥammām</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was part of the city of Livias. Although the stratigraphy of
the site is disturbed by modern agricultural activity there is clear evidence
of Early Roman (<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Herodian</span>); Late Roman; Byzantine; and Early
Islamic occupation. Discoveries include extensive array of ceramics some of
which were whole vessels including cooking pots, table <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">amphoras</span>,
jugs, juglets, bag-shaped transport storage jars, and various style oil lamps.
The architectural structures include the fortified tower complex on the upper
tall and on the lower tall the western Roman tower; the large Thermal Bath
complex (34.2 m. by 40.6 m. [116.5 ft. x 133 ft.]) and 165 m. of exposed <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">aqueduct</span>.
The city of Livias was guarded on the mountain sides by several Roman
fortifications including Tall al-Tahuneh; Khirbet al-Habbasa; Tall Barakat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Umm <span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>adher<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>while the western side of the city was
protected by the western Roman tower.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">For the details on the archaeology of Livias</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>see the excavation reports of Tall al-</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Ḥ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">amm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">m.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Footnotes <br /></span></h2>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h2 class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></span></span></h2><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> Morris
Jastrow and Frants Buhl, “Beth–Aram,” in <i>JE</i> (New York, N.Y.: Funk &
Wagnalls, 1906), 119; Siméon Vailhé, “Livias,” in <i>CE</i>, ed. Charles
George Herbermann, trans. Mario Anello, vol. 9 (New York: Appleton &
Company, 1913), 9: 315; William F. Albright, “The Jordan Valley in the Bronze
Age,” <i>AASOR</i> 6 (1926): 49; Nelson Glueck, “Some Ancient Towns in the
Plains of Moab,” <i>BASOR</i> 91 (1943): 11;
Herbert Donner and H. Cüppers, “Die Restauration Und Konservierung Der Mosaikkarte
von Madeba,” <i>Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</i> 83 (1967): 22;
Kay Prag, “A Walk in the Wadi Hesban,” <i>PEQ</i> 123, no. 1
(1991): 60–61; Herbert Donner, <i>The Mosaic Map of Madaba</i><i>. An Introductory Guide</i>,
Palaestina<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Antiqua 7 (Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1992), 39;
Estee Dvorjetski, <i>Leisure, Pleasure, and Healing: Spa Culture and Medicine
in Ancient Eastern Mediterranean</i>, JSJSup 116 (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 202.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> F. M. Abel, “L’Exploration Du Sud-Est de
La Vallee Du Jourdain,” <i>RB</i> 40 (1931): 220 n.2.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> For the
arguments for the case for Tall er-Rameh, see Graves and Stripling,
“Re-Examination of the Location for the Ancient City of Livias,” 184–89.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> Glueck,
“Some Ancient Towns,” 18; Steven Collins, Khalil Hamdan, and Gary A. Byers,
“Tall El-Hammam: Preliminary Report on Four Seasons of Excavation (2006–2009),”
<i>ADAJ</i> 53 (2009): 388.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> Carl
Umhau Wolf, “Eusebius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Caesarea<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the Onomasticon,” <i>BA</i> 27 (1964): 66.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> Graves
and Stripling, “Re-Examination of the Location for the Ancient City of Livias,” 178–200; David E. Graves, <i>A
Preliminary Report on the Tall Al- Ḥammām Excavation Project: Field LA
(2005–2017)</i>, ed. Steven Collins, Gary A. Byers, and D. Scott Stripling
(Moncton, NB: ECM, 2021).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span>The Arabic name <i><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif;">amm</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">â</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "EB Garamond 12",serif;">m</span></i> (حمّام) means “hot
spring/well” and correlates to the similar Hebrew word <i>hamat</i> which
means “hot springs.” Prag translates the name
Tall al-<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>amm<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span>m<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as “Hill of the Hot Baths.”
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Kay Prag, “Preliminary Report on the
Excavations at Tell Iktanu and Tall El-Hammam, Jordan 1990,” <i>Levant</i> 23
(1991): 57.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> Graves
and Stripling, “Re-Examination of the Location for the Ancient City of Livias,” 178–200.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> Graves, <i>Preliminary
Report on the Tall Al- Ḥammām Excavation Project</i>.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> Eusebius</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>uses
the term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">semeia</i> (lit. “signs”).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> For the history of the Roman road and
milestones</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">, see </span>Michele Piccirillo, “The Roman
Esbus-Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Road,” in <i>Mount Nebo: New Archaeological
Excavations 1967-1997</i>, ed. Michele Piccirillo and Eugenio Alliata, Studium
Biblicum Franciscanum 27 (Jerusalem: Franciscan, 1998), 133–35.<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span>S. D. Waterhouse and R. Ibach,
“Heshbon 1973: The Topographical Survey,” <i>AUSS</i> 13 (1975): 218–28; Henry
Baker Tristram, <i>The Land of Moab</i><i>: Travels and
Discoveries on the East Side of the Dead Sea and the Jordan</i> (New York: Harper
& Brothers, 1873), 346.<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL BibLit"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Robert L. Muse, “Revelation 2–3: A Critical
Analysis of Seven Prophetic Messages,” <i>JETS</i> 29, no. 2 (1986): 172.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
According to <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Chapman and Taylor,
based on an inscription</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>published by F. M. Abel in 1926, the
Palestinian Byzantine foot was 30.89 cm or 12 inches. They document that “there
were 5000 feet in a mile, meaning a Palestinian Byzantine mile would </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">have
measured 1,544.50 m. A Roman foot, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pes</i>,
is usually considered to be 29.5 cm, a somewhat shorter length, so that a <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Roman mile,</span> a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mille
passus</i>, is generally estimated to have been 1,475-81 m” </span>Rupert L.
Chapman and Joan E. Taylor, “Distances Used by Eusebius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the Identification of Sites,” in <i>The
Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea</i><i>:
Palestine in the Fourth Century AD</i>, ed. G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville and Joan
E. Taylor, trans. G. S. P. Freedman-Grenville (Jerusalem: Carta, 2003), 175; John
Wilkinson, <i>Jerusalem Pilgrims Before the Crusades</i> (Oxford: Aris &
Phillips, 2002), v. Since the milestones<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are from the Roman period, 1,479 m was
used in the calculations.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> F. M. Abel, <i>Géographie de La
Palestine. </i></span><i>I–II</i>, Géographie Politique. Les Villes (Paris: Gabalda,
1938), 1: 459.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Antoninus Placentinus, “Itinerarium,” in <i>Jerusalem</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pilgrims Before the Crusades</i>, trans. John
Wilkinson (Oxford: Aris & Phillips, 2002), 165–66.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> Graves, <i>Preliminary
Report on the Tall Al- Ḥammām Excavation Project</i>, 80–82.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> For
details on the famous <span style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Madaba</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Map</span>
<span style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Mosaic</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "SBL Hebrew";">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the Church of St. George, Madaba, Jordan, see
Donner “The Site of the Pentapolis: Part 2,” <i>Biblica</i> 12 (1930): 37–94.
For a discussion of recent excavations and archaeological surveys in the region,
see Alliata and Piccirillo (1999, 121-24). </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> Donner, <i>Mosaic
Map of Madaba</i>, 39; Glueck, “Some
Ancient Towns,” 15, 21; Nelson Glueck, <i>Explorations in Eastern Palestine IV.
Part 1</i>, AASOR 25–28 (New Haven, CT: ASOR, 1951), 377; Kay Prag, “Tall
El-Hammam as Livias, 8 Jan 2009,” January 8,
2009, 1.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a> David E.
Graves and D. Scott Stripling, “Identification of Tall El-Hammam on the Madaba<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Map,” <i>BS</i> 20, no. 2 (2007): 35–45.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">For a detailed examination of the name for
Bethramtha</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, see </span>Adolf Neubauer, <i>La Géographie Du Talmud</i> (Sapienza: Universidade
de Roma, 1868), 247 ff.; Peter
Thomsen, <i>Loca Sancta: Verzeichnis der im 1. bis 6. </i><i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jahrhundert n. Chr. erwähnten Ortschaften
Palästinas mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Lokalisierung der biblischen
Stätten, I Band mit einer Karte</span></i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> (Hildesheim: Olms, 1966), 38; Hoehner, <i>Herod Antipas</i></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">, 88–89.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar, “Eden and Paradise: The
Garden Motif in Some Early Jewish Texts (1 Enoch and Other Texts Found at
Qumran</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">),” in <i>Paradise Interpreted: Representations
of Biblical Paradise in Judaism and Christianity</i>, ed. Gerard P.
Luttikhuizen, Themes in Biblical Narrative 2 (Leiden: Brill, 1999), 36.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> Michael
Avi-Yonah, <i>The Madaba</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mosaic Map with Introduction and Commentary</i>
(Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society,
1954), 25; F. Nigel Hepper and Joan E. Taylor, “Date Palms and Opobalsam in the
Madaba Mosaic Map,” <i>PEQ</i> 136, no. 1 (2004): 35.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Hoehner, <i>Herod Antipas</i></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">, 47–48; Jensen, <i>Herod Antipas in
Galilee</i>, 10. </span>Although it is unlikely that Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reached the size of Tiberias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or Sepphoris, it is noteworthy that all
three cities were built/rebuilt by Herod<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Antipas (Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>A.J. </i>18.27, 36).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> Stegmann
describes her importance: “The public honour accorded the mother of the new
princeps Tiberius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2.121–146; 4.203–210] that was to prove
important for the dynastic politics of succession of Augustus. It clearly raised the
special position she already enjoyed as ‘emperor’s spouse’, a position promoted
(or tolerated) by Augustus, entailing special privileges (35 <span style="color: #222a35; font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">bc</span><span style="color: #222a35;"> </span>independent
administration of her large fortune and <i>sacrosanctitas</i> ‘inviolability’,
Cass. Dio <i>Hist. Rom. </i>49.38.1; 9 <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">bc</span> <i>ius (trium)
liberorum</i>, Cass. Dio <i>Hist. Rom. </i>56.10.2; <i>Ius</i> E.2.) and
multiple honours in Rome<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as well as in the provinces (in the east of
the empire also godlike veneration) [1.34-105; 5.48–53]. Many public honors are
also documented for the mother of the princeps Tiberius<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(CIL V 6416, cultic veneration also in the
west, CIL II 2038; X 7340; furthermore, the towns Liviopolis in Pontus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Iudaea have been named after L. (<span style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Pliny</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Nat.</i> 6.11; 13.44).” Helena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stegmann, “Livia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2],” in <i>BrillPaulyA</i>, ed. Hubert Cancik
and Helmuth Schneider, trans. Christine F. Salazar and Francis G. Gentry (Leiden:
Brill, 2006), op cit., http: //dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e707950;
Anthony Barrett, <i>Livia: First Lady of Imperial Rome</i> (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press, 2002).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> Gertrude
Grether, “Livia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the
Roman Imperial Cult,” <i>The American Journal of Philology</i> 67, no. 3 (1946):
222–52.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a> Grether,
222–52.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> While
the cities of Tiberias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Sepphoris<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maintained a <i>boule</i> it is not known if
this was true of Livias. Samuel Rocca, <i>Herod</i><i>’s Judaea: A
Mediterranean State in the Classic World</i> (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2015),
325 n. 5.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> Not to
be confused with the Bethsaida<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Julias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Lower Gaulanitis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>built by Philip (Jos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">J.W.</i>
2.168; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.J. </i>18.28).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For a detailed examination of the
name for </span><i>Bethramtha</i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, see </span>Neubauer, <i>La
Géographie Du Talmud</i>, 247 ff.; Thomsen, <i>Loca Sancta: Verzeichnis der im
1. bis 6. </i><i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jahrhundert n. Chr.
erwähnten Ortschaften Palästinas mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der
Lokalisierung der biblischen Stätten, I Band mit einer Karte</span></i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">, 38; Hoehner, <i>Herod</i></span><i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Antipas</span></i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">, 88–89.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a> Schürer,
<i>History of the Jewish People</i>, 1: 142; Dvorjetski, <i>Leisure, Pleasure,
and Healing: Spa Culture and Medicine in Ancient Eastern Mediterranean</i>, 198
n. 118.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> Michel Le Quien, <i>Oriens christianus in
quatuor patriarchatus digestus, in quo exhibentur Ecclesiae patriarchae
caeterique praesules totius Orientis</i> (Paris: Typographia Regia, 1740), 3: 655.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> Egeria</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">, <i>Diary of a Pilgrimage</i>, ed. and trans.
George E. Gingras (Mahwah, NJ: Newman, 1970), 189 n. 135.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a> Schürer,
<i>History of the Jewish People</i>, 2: 177 n.505.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span>Antoine Wenger, <i>L’Assomption de la
T.S. Vierge dans la tradition byzantine du VIe au Xe siècle. études e documents</i>,
Archives de l’Orient Chrétien 5 (Paris: Institut français d’études byzantines,
1955).<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span>J. S.J. Galot, “Aux Origines de La Foi
En l’Assomption,” <i>La Nouvelle Revue Théologique</i> 87 (1955): 631–36;
Wenger, <i>L’Assomption de la T.S. Vierge dans la tradition byzantine du VIe au
Xe siècle. études e documents</i>, 109; Andrew J. Ekonomou, <i>Byzantine Rome</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the Greek Popes</i> (Lanham, Md.: Lexington
Books, 2007), 263.<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span>Stephen J. Shoemaker, <i>The Ancient
Traditions of the Virgin Mary’s Dormition and Assumption</i> (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2006), 65.<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span>Michele Piccirillo, “A Church at
Shunat Nimrin,” <i>ADAJ</i> 26 (1982): 335.<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a> Graves, <i>Preliminary
Report on the Tall Al- Ḥammām Excavation Project</i>.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> Graves and Stripling, “Re-Examination of the
Location for the Ancient City of Livias</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">,” 178–200.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a> Israel
Roll, “The Roads in Roman-Byzantine Palestine and Arabia,” in <i>The Madaba</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Map Centenary: Travelling Through the
Byzantine Umayyad Period. Proceedings of the International Conference Held in
Amman 7–9 April 1997</i>, ed. Michele Piccirillo and Eugenio Alliata, Studium
Biblicum Franciscannum Collectio Maior 40 (Jerusalem: Studium Biblicum
Franciscannum, 1999), 112.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a> See also
the inscriptional evidence of the Islamic bowl and Arabic inscription<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on wall no. 211.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a> Irfan
Shahid, <i>Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century</i> (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton
Oaks, 1995), 649.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a> David L.
Kennedy, <i>The Roman Army in Jordan</i>, 2nd ed. (London: Council for British
Research in the Levant, 2004), 43.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a> Shmuel
Marco et al., “Archaeology, History, and Geology of the A.D. 749 Earthquake,
Dead Sea Transform,” <i>Geology</i> 31, no. 8 (2003): 665–68.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Older scholars typically identified
Abel-Shittim</span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with Tall al-Kafrayn, which is
only about 2 km N of </span>Tall al-<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ḥ</span>amm<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ā</span>m.
Claude Reignier Conder and Horatio H. Kitchener, <i>The Survey of Eastern
Palestine: The Adwan Country</i>, vol. 1 (London: Palestine Exploration Fund,
1881), 229–30; T. K Cheyne and J. S. Black, eds., <i>Encyclopædia Biblica: A
Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the
Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible</i>, 2nd ed. (London: A
& C Black, 1899), 4: 1729a; Père Alexis Mallon, Robert Koeppel, and René
Neuville, <i>Teleilāt Ghassūl. I: Compte Rendu Des Fouilles de l’Institut
Biblique Pontificale, 1929-1932</i> (Rome: Archaeological Institute of
America, 1934), 150–51.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> Eusebius</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>uses
the term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">semeia</i> (lit. “signs”).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> For the history of the Roman road and
milestones</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">, see </span>Piccirillo, “The Roman Esbus-Livias<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Road,” 133–35.<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">For details on
distances used by Eusebius</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, see </span>Chapman and Taylor, “Distances
Used by Eusebius and the Identification of Sites,” 175–78; Joan E. Taylor,
“Directions and Locations in Eusebius’ Onomasticon,” in <i>The Onomasticon by
Eusebius of Caesarea</i><i>: Palestine in the
Fourth Century AD</i>, ed. G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville and Joan E. Taylor,
trans. G. S. P. Freedman-Grenville (Jerusalem: Carta, 2003), 165–74.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a> Selah
Merrill, “Modern Researches in Palestine,” <i>Journal of the American
Geographical Society of New York</i> 9 (1877): 117; Selah Merrill, “Modern
Researches in Palestine,” <i>Palestine Exploration Fund: Quarterly Statement</i>
11, no. 1 (1879): 144; Glueck, “Some Ancient Towns,” 17; Nelson Glueck, <i>Explorations
in Eastern Palestine II</i>, AASOR 15 (New Haven, CT: ASOR, 1935), 378;
Avi-Yonah, <i>Madaba</i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mosaic Map</i>, 37; Graham I. Davies, <i>The
Way of the Wilderness a Geographical Study of the Wilderness Itineraries in the
Old Testament</i>, SOTSMS 5 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 36;
Yohanan Aharoni, <i>The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography</i>, trans.
Anson F. Rainey, 2nd ed. (Louisville: Westminster/Knox, 1981), 419; R. K.
Harrison, “Shittim,” in <i>NIDBA</i>, ed. Edward M. Blaiklock (Grand Rapids,
Mich.: Zondervan, 1983), 413; Joel C. Slayton, “Shittim,” in <i>ABD</i>, ed.
David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1996), 5: 1222; Walter C. Kaiser, Jr.
and Duane Garrett, eds., <i>NIV Archaeological Study Bible: An Illustrated Walk
Through Biblical History and Culture</i> (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2006), 233;
John H. Walton, Victor H. Matthews, and Mark W. Chavalas, <i>The IVP Bible
Background Commentary: Old Testament</i> (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity
Press, 2000), 213.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Garamond",serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Murphy-</span>O’Connor<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> speculates that John the Baptist</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was arrested in Galilee, but his arguments are
all hypothetical as indicated in his title. </span><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP497E2;">Jerome</span><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP497E2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Murphy-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">O’Connor</span><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP497E2;">, “John the Baptist and
Jesus: History and Hypothesis.” </span><i><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP497E3;">NTS </span></i><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP497E2;">36 (1990), 359–74.</span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP497E2;"> ________</span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP497E2;"></span></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXSaVqODgxXaCqWJyxDFEIuJuHLKz3jgAzmGeoKIFcASO0rk5H6-F5gCgbJURslveCHAH-bmakmOkqGzxeVYl3919s4c2_w6dLeAt0Y6GENKoxL2qiEb337HMyPpySdEm3vWhV37w8LeCvnEnpL3zehIuCwbGnz4iOnx-C7vfoWl7_yxj2iw/s1872/Sample%20Page.Jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1342" data-original-width="1872" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXSaVqODgxXaCqWJyxDFEIuJuHLKz3jgAzmGeoKIFcASO0rk5H6-F5gCgbJURslveCHAH-bmakmOkqGzxeVYl3919s4c2_w6dLeAt0Y6GENKoxL2qiEb337HMyPpySdEm3vWhV37w8LeCvnEnpL3zehIuCwbGnz4iOnx-C7vfoWl7_yxj2iw/w400-h286/Sample%20Page.Jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sample page from <i><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/07/the-cities-of-new-testament.html" target="_blank">The Cities of the New Testament World</a></i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><br /> <p>______ </p><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Further Research</h2><p></p><p> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQC3gQjp80FeIZEYY6j1HRJ7zptxsKFWRtxt9sRUxhiPSjFtNh0vKdJJlrr317Tec79MaDa8yQCptrZCnxHG3e6CaC09-6zWUsAPGDaSNmNKkAsIlNmPOnS3oIxmJr4fdIGN3mDpTFXa11ERnk-yc5MuTkR38FcNCctz0kLXQoPTJArCm5gA/s2453/Roman%20Area%20Hammam%203D%20Cover.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2453" data-original-width="2244" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQC3gQjp80FeIZEYY6j1HRJ7zptxsKFWRtxt9sRUxhiPSjFtNh0vKdJJlrr317Tec79MaDa8yQCptrZCnxHG3e6CaC09-6zWUsAPGDaSNmNKkAsIlNmPOnS3oIxmJr4fdIGN3mDpTFXa11ERnk-yc5MuTkR38FcNCctz0kLXQoPTJArCm5gA/s320/Roman%20Area%20Hammam%203D%20Cover.JPG" width="293" /></a></div><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> David E. Graves, <i><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/03/preliminary-report-on-tall-al-hammam.html" target="_blank">A Preliminary Report on the Tall Al-Ḥammām Excavation Project: Roman, Byzantine and Islamic Remains, Field LR (2005–2017)</a>, </i>ed. Steven Collins, Gary A. Byers, and D. Scott Stripling (New Brunswick, Canada: Electronic Christian Media, 2021).</p><br /><p style="text-align: left;"><a href=" https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/01/livias-video.html " target="_blank">Livias Videos and Discoveries<br /></a></p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2023/01/tall-el-hammam-featured-on-history.html" target="_blank">Tall el-Hammam featured on the History Channel</a></p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/06/liberty-university-sodom-papers.html" target="_blank">Sodom Research</a> <br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><h2> </h2><p style="text-align: left;"> The Tall al-Ḥammām Excavation Project: Roman, Byzantine and Islamic Remains is a must-read for anyone interested in the history of the region. This comprehensive report provides a detailed overview of the archaeological discoveries made at the site, including findings from the Roman, Byzantine and Islamic periods. With contributions from leading experts David E. Gravees, Steven Collins, Gary A. Byers and D. Scott Stripling, this publication is an essential resource for anyone interested in learning more about the history of this important site.</p><h2>Links to some of the discoveries at Livias (2007-2014) </h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://biblicalarchaeologygraves.blogspot.com/2016/06/map-17.html" target="_blank">Map of area around Tall el-Hammam</a> (Livias).</li><li><a href="https://biblicalarchaeologygraves.blogspot.com/2014/12/map-9.html" target="_blank">Map of Tall el-Hammam</a> (identifying the bath complex)</li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2008/04/hammam-map.html" target="_blank">Map of the Roman Road</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2007/01/madaba-map-is-on-hammam.html" target="_blank">Tall el-Hammam on Madaba Map</a>, 2007 (see publications below)</li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2008/02/six-more-roman-miles-to-livias.html" target="_blank">Roman milestone with Inscription (6 Roman miles to Livias). 2008</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2008/01/lost-roman-aqueduct-of-livias-found.html" target="_blank">Roman Aqueduct of Livias. 2008</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2009/01/khirbet-el-habbasa-aqueduct.html" target="_blank">Khirbet el-Habbasa Aqueduct. 2009</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2009/04/this-photo-was-taken-jan-09-on-our-hike.html#links" target="_blank">Recreation of Habbasa aqueduct, 2009 </a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2010/01/herodian-stones.html" target="_blank">Corner of the Roman bath Complex</a>, 2010</li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2010/01/herods-palace.html" target="_blank">Herodian corner stone needed to be moved,</a> 2010 </li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2010/01/moving-herodian-size-stones.html" target="_blank">Moving Herodian size corner stone</a>, 2010 </li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2010/01/discovery-of-ancient-livias.html" target="_blank">New Roman milestone on the Roman road to Livias discovered, 2010</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2010/01/day-before-yesterday-i-drove-up-roman.html" target="_blank">Roman milestone</a>, 2010</li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2011/01/wed-update.html" target="_blank">Roman milestone recovered</a>, 2011 </li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2011/01/byzantine-bath-house-in-roman-building.html" target="_blank">Bath house/Pool from the bath complex, 2011</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2011/01/week-1-tall-el-hammam.html" target="_blank">Clearing away previous years excavation dirt</a>, 2011 </li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2012/02/normal-0-false-false-false-en-ca-x-none.html" target="_blank">Roman tower</a>, 2012</li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2012/02/we-have-couple-days-off-now-to-rest-and.html" target="_blank">Roman tower 2</a>, 2012</li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2012/02/day-three-and-there-was-no-inscription.html" target="_blank">Rosette stone found,</a> 2012</li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2012/02/our-team.html" target="_blank">Rosette stone excavated</a> 2012</li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2012/02/first-day-2012.html" target="_blank">Lintel stone</a>, 2012 </li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2012/02/byzantine-oil-lamp-found.html" target="_blank">Byzantine oil lamp Greek Inscription,</a> 2012 </li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2013/09/fact-3-bab-edh-dhra-and-tall-el-hammam.html" target="_blank">Hot spring Tall el-Meselhleh next to Tall el-Hammam</a>, 2013 </li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/03/aerial-view-of-roman-area-building.html" target="_blank">Aerial view of the Bath Complex. 2014</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/03/pottery-puzzle.html" target="_blank">Roman diagnostic pottery from the Roman Complex, 2014</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/03/arabic-umyyad-inscriptions-found.html" target="_blank">Arabic Umayyad Inscriptions Found</a>, 2014</li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/03/potters-marks-found.html" target="_blank">Potters mark on Roman <i>Terra Sigillata</i> potsherd, 2014</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/03/jar-of-day-feb-13-2014.html" target="_blank">Commercial Roman Storage Jar. 2014</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/03/start-of-season-9-of-tall-el-hammam.html" target="_blank">Season 9 Excavation of another room 2014</a></li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/03/jar-of-day-feb-10-2014.html" target="_blank">Pottery Jar of the Day, </a>Feb 10, 2014</li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/03/jar-of-day-feb-11-2014.html" target="_blank">Pottery Jar of the Day,</a> Feb 11, 2014</li><li><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2014/03/jars-of-day-jars-of-season.html" target="_blank">Hoard of Roman pottery</a> (nearly complete vessels), 2014 </li><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10158882963670720&set=picfp.905660719&type=3&theater" target="_blank">Find of the Day</a> </li></ul><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <div><p style="text-align: left;">Updated Oct 5, 2023 <br /></p></div>
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<p></p>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-49664788322648620872023-01-08T16:42:00.007-08:002024-02-18T09:07:24.106-08:00Tall el-Hammam featured on the History Channel<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj16Xyk96DN0oRHhPHJSnNBanCSTLFr92bCNwfCOuHMDOIChJYwLb0twxJW6H9fpvKosvn_EtanjnehV5axQRxnh6b6nx3TuuPX5VLf9OPZs0PIQZwTHbbkYyLUaLxLh4JcufGyooG08l6mLUAmdvVStmY7-yHvbeiyLqXztOjPTutz2Y8e6Q/s2496/Tall%20el-Hammam%20History%20Channel.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1467" data-original-width="2496" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj16Xyk96DN0oRHhPHJSnNBanCSTLFr92bCNwfCOuHMDOIChJYwLb0twxJW6H9fpvKosvn_EtanjnehV5axQRxnh6b6nx3TuuPX5VLf9OPZs0PIQZwTHbbkYyLUaLxLh4JcufGyooG08l6mLUAmdvVStmY7-yHvbeiyLqXztOjPTutz2Y8e6Q/s320/Tall%20el-Hammam%20History%20Channel.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />This week The History Channel aired the fifth episode of Season 4 for their series <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSdAL_nKJ58" target="_blank">The UneXplained titled "Acts of God".</a> While the first site they deal with of the Durupınar site in Turkey has been debunked as the remains of Noah's Ark (<a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/02/ron-wyatts-pseudo-archaeology.html" target="_blank">Ron Wyatt's view</a>) and I have examined the site personally in Turkey in 2006, the second feature of the program examined our site that we claim is Sodom. I have excavated at this site as a field supervisor of the Roman/Byzantine remains from the first season for 10 of the 15 seasons. I see myself in the upper right hand corner of the drone shot at 0.24 of the clip sitting at my desk ready for my days work<p></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSdAL_nKJ58" target="_blank">The UneXplained Episode</a> <br /><br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibj5mMx1gz4D000dPtq88OSVWipgZCiahuLKS75qsK6yBGl6FkUaGCtevQGdZ8DIDVEWPLS70EmD9ie1d96ylTP5DkaNo_ebJLgjBl-xX2pRmnHWWc8iU4KEMq1gt0DQ2RbgYb05Wf9Y0HigfqPuP5bO-2U1Hf-5dEcJ2r3VDrWqK1IIutzQ/s2496/Tall%20el-Hammam%20History%20Channel2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1467" data-original-width="2496" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibj5mMx1gz4D000dPtq88OSVWipgZCiahuLKS75qsK6yBGl6FkUaGCtevQGdZ8DIDVEWPLS70EmD9ie1d96ylTP5DkaNo_ebJLgjBl-xX2pRmnHWWc8iU4KEMq1gt0DQ2RbgYb05Wf9Y0HigfqPuP5bO-2U1Hf-5dEcJ2r3VDrWqK1IIutzQ/w400-h235/Tall%20el-Hammam%20History%20Channel2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I am sitting at my desk in the red circle next to the square I supervised.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />William Shatner asked the question "What could be the significance of Lots wife turning into a pillar of salt?" <br /><br />Well I have answered that for Shatner in a peer reviewed article titled: <a href="https://www.academia.edu/31054109/Sodom_And_Salt_in_Their_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Cultural_Context" target="_blank">“Sodom And Salt in Their Ancient Near Eastern Cultural Context.” <i>Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin </i>61 (2016): 18–36</a>. I guess he did not dig deep enough for his answer. In the article I make the connection between the air burst and the resulting dispersion of salt over the Jordan Valley. I believe I am the first member of the Tall al-Hammam team to publish on this idea and great to see the graphics demonstrating this hypothesis in the TV program.<br /><br />Note that neither Prof. Hussain nor Dr. Cargill have anything to do with the excavations at Tall el-Hammam and have been added to perhaps give an academic perspective but their statements represent the skeptical perspective, although subtle.<br /><br />Amir Hussain, is the Professor of Theological Studies at Loyola Marymount University and his specialty is the study of Islam, not archaeology. He states that the story in the Bible is "meant to be a metaphor, when you don't do what God wants here is what God does to destroy you, its God's power manifested, its an act of God." Good to have a Muslim perspective considered a metaphor about the story in the Bible.<br /><br />Robert Cargill, a professor of religious studies at the University of Iowa states "Fire and brimstone, one of those unexplained mysteries, and there has been alot of theories and this probably has something to do with wanting evidence that proves faith. Alot of people believe in these stories, and archaeology can confirm them." <br /><br />Dr. Collins the director of the excavation does a good job at what the evidence can and cannot do to counter Cargill's claims.<br /><br />Dr. Phil Silva, the director of scientific research for Tall el-Hammam does a good job at describing the air-burst proxies. I thought I saw somewhere in the program where they noted the scientific paper but going back I do not see it. Here it is for those who might be interested in the academic peer reviewed research done by many scholars on the air-burst phenomena that took out Tall al-Hammam and much of the Jordan Valley at the end of the Middle Bronze Age. T. E. Bunch, M.A. LeCompte, A.V. Adedeji, et al. "<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97778-3 Online article link. Such a popular and important report" target="_blank">A Tunguska sized airburst destroyed Tall el-Hammam a Middle Bronze Age city in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea</a>." <i>Scientific Reports </i>11, no 1 18632 (2021), 1-64. I have <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/09/scientific-report-on-destruction-of.html" target="_blank">announced this earlier </a>on my blog.<br /><br />Shatner asks, "Is it a natural event or an act of God?" Well it could reasonably be both because God can certainly bring about his purposed by the use of his own creation. One does not need to say that because there is a natural event that it explains away God. Both go hand in hand.<br /><br />Overall it is a good synopsis of our work at Tall al-hammam and some wonderful drone shots.<p></p><p></p><div>For my response to some of the criticism of the report: </div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/12/response-to-unjustified-criticism-of.html" target="_blank">Response to unjustified criticism of the Tall el-Hammam Scientific Report</a>.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>_____________<br /></div><div>For more on the Location and Destruction of Sodom:</div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GVJIbEpivaw/YUjiDR8MWzI/AAAAAAAADe0/MPs_oNWjVoYTD970kdUM1q1qM-ByTH4GACLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Location%2Bof%2BSodom%2B7X10%2B3D%2BCover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1773" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GVJIbEpivaw/YUjiDR8MWzI/AAAAAAAADe0/MPs_oNWjVoYTD970kdUM1q1qM-ByTH4GACLcBGAsYHQ/w173-h200/Location%2Bof%2BSodom%2B7X10%2B3D%2BCover.jpg" width="173" /></a></div><br />See <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-location-of-sodom.html" target="_blank">The Location of Sodom</a></div><div><br /></div><div>And "<a href="https://www.academia.edu/31054109/Sodom_And_Salt_in_Their_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Cultural_Context" target="_blank">Sodom And Salt in Their Ancient Near Eastern Cultural Context Near East</a>," <i>Archaeological Society Bulletin </i>2016<i>.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><a href="https://tallelhammam.com/" target="_blank">Tall el-Hammam Excavation</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkATIhRxxaE" target="_blank">Interview of Dr. Collins 2022</a> </div><div> </div><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
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<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <p>Updated January 11, 2023</p><p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-70464704086535236692022-11-04T10:41:00.015-07:002024-02-18T09:07:37.766-08:00The Genealogy of LeBaron Dimock and the Memoirs of Georgia Luella Dimock<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjaNA9a4oyPwTdQQqcIGaObudP5hJVD41U5w24eYQOVGIVs6XuvK4-oFr_junPNpfysh3nvOQLye_wfBES-TSP63-T-_JakXh_J5YPAyyq7dXy5B1o88jYguSKrJbJU5_e5lt0tZwfXGJiCsK8MQ1N5NaF9EZGWKNZnK6Y4gk8UzreB4SZ4A/s2992/Genealogy%20of%20Lebaron%20Dimock%206X9%203D%20Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2992" data-original-width="2400" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjaNA9a4oyPwTdQQqcIGaObudP5hJVD41U5w24eYQOVGIVs6XuvK4-oFr_junPNpfysh3nvOQLye_wfBES-TSP63-T-_JakXh_J5YPAyyq7dXy5B1o88jYguSKrJbJU5_e5lt0tZwfXGJiCsK8MQ1N5NaF9EZGWKNZnK6Y4gk8UzreB4SZ4A/w321-h400/Genealogy%20of%20Lebaron%20Dimock%206X9%203D%20Cover.jpg" width="321" /></a></div><br />David E. Graves and Georgia Luella Dimock, <i>The Genealogy of LeBaron Dimock and the Memoirs of Georgia Luella Dimock, </i>Electronic Christian Media, 2022.<br />Includes images, footnotes and subject index<br /><br />The Dimock (Dymoke) family was an important contributor to the history of England, United States and Canada. The Dymokes of England are best known for their association since 1377 with the title of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Champion" target="_blank">King’s Champion</a> by virtue of which they held the <a href="https://familypedia.fandom.com/wiki/Manor_of_Scrivelsby" target="_blank">manor of Scrivelsby,</a> in Lincolnshire, England. Our line is believed to have been connected to Sir Edward Dymocke (ca. 1555–1634) of Scrivelsby, Lincolnshire.<p></p><p><br />Following religious persecution in England, <a href="http://www.dimmicks.com/thomas_dymoke.htm" target="_blank">Elder Thomas Dimmock</a> (1604–1658), was the first Dimmock to settle in New England on American soil in 1635 in the Cape Cod, Massachusetts area. Then still experiencing religious persecution, the Dimmock family, led by <a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dimock_shubael_4E.html" target="_blank">Rev Shubael Dimock III </a>(1708–1781) and his son Rev Daniel Dimock (1736–1805), were among the first settlers from New England, known as Planters, and migrated to Newport, Nova Scotia, Canada in October 1759.</p><p> </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNCEF6bTSJoHs_dSHs0o8GlWUvtRmV-XmRrYW7Fkq6mAiH9nAi78pgGubor94NmuyyR6xrsJzHg6XBDSiX5ItS7PblIIWxx3GRjKB-GVEF_ZfRtoxlx7kIhJQumogEe3X3BapiVCslPUjG0S0CCFpFE-zAWrw3VyJ5V_Rfin4n6bWZ-F2xQA/s498/Portrait%20of%20Joseph%20Dimock%20Colorized.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="445" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNCEF6bTSJoHs_dSHs0o8GlWUvtRmV-XmRrYW7Fkq6mAiH9nAi78pgGubor94NmuyyR6xrsJzHg6XBDSiX5ItS7PblIIWxx3GRjKB-GVEF_ZfRtoxlx7kIhJQumogEe3X3BapiVCslPUjG0S0CCFpFE-zAWrw3VyJ5V_Rfin4n6bWZ-F2xQA/s320/Portrait%20of%20Joseph%20Dimock%20Colorized.jpg" width="286" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rev. Joseph Dimock A portrait of Dimock, <br />painted by William Valentine, <br />hangs in University Hall at Acadia.<br />© Lobsterthermidor / Wikimedia Commons<br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />The noted Baptist minister <a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dimock_joseph_7E.html" target="_blank">Joseph Dimock</a> (b. 11 Dec. 1768 in Newport, N.S.), was the son of Daniel Dimock and Deborah Bailey (Baley, m. 21 Aug. 1798 Betsy Dimock), and they had at least 11 children (d. 29 June 1846 in Bridgetown, N.S.). <br /><p></p><p>Another son of Rev. Daniel Dimock, Harris A. Dimock (1793–1851) resettled to St. Martins, New Brunswick where his grandson LeBaron Dimock (1863–1949) was born and moved to Havelock, New Brunswick where our direct descendants lived.</p><p><br />Besides documenting the important lineage of LeBaron Dimock, this work also contains the fascinating memoirs of his daughter, Georgia Luella Dimock (1900–1996), who worked and travelled as a private nurse in the United States from 1920 to 1961.<br /><br /><br /> Nonfiction > History > Canada > General<br /> Education & Reference > Reference > Genealogy & Heraldry<br /><br /><br />241 Pages</p>Paperback Black & White ISBN: 979-8362336844 <a href="https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B0BLGG7M92" target="_blank">Amazon</a> ASIN: B0BLGG7M92<br />Paperback Colour ISBN: 979-8361887170 <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BLG34XXY" target="_blank">Amazon </a>ASIN: B0BLG34XXY<br />Hard Cover Colour ISBN: 979-8362160005 <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BLGJV5R2" target="_blank">Amazon</a> ASIN: B0BLGJV5R2 <h2 style="text-align: left;">Blog Posts Connected to the Book</h2><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/12/the-abduction-of-two-keith-girls-by.html" target="_blank">The Lost Keith Girls</a><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/03/home-with-lord.html" target="_blank">Death of Hilda Luella Graves (Dimock)</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <div> </div>Modified November 11, 2022 <p> </p>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18554098.post-56212593244555717382022-06-20T19:12:00.127-07:002024-02-18T09:07:53.160-08:00Sodom Sulfur Ball Video<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7FMjtLojlSI0KYQ4W38pxzkMORIm5DVKbNdS8n0UKnioOLFrYAYyujeVIc4RWhupgh0MKos938EucAPFEiNrAtjE27C9rL2dVoGVxzCVZawNP0zI31uPDV6xLzgq-gYEX0bNd8fq9_ZLj52QdgIM4lD6GhjqdFTCVLgdXqG0NnsX54C7Ghw/s2772/Location%20of%20Sodom%207X10%203D%20Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2772" data-original-width="2400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7FMjtLojlSI0KYQ4W38pxzkMORIm5DVKbNdS8n0UKnioOLFrYAYyujeVIc4RWhupgh0MKos938EucAPFEiNrAtjE27C9rL2dVoGVxzCVZawNP0zI31uPDV6xLzgq-gYEX0bNd8fq9_ZLj52QdgIM4lD6GhjqdFTCVLgdXqG0NnsX54C7Ghw/s320/Location%20of%20Sodom%207X10%203D%20Cover.jpg" width="277" /></a></div><br />Recently a video by Joel P. Kramer about <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQl4KaRtef8" target="_blank">"Sulfur Balls of Sodom and Gomorrah" </a>was posted at <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2022/06/epic-archaeology-cancel-culture.html" target="_blank"><i>Epic Archaeology</i></a> (Facebook) by Ted Wright who subsequently removed my posts challenging his claim that Bab edh-Dhra was Sodom. So I thought it appropriate to provide context for readers and those interested in Sodom research. <b>NOTE: </b>that I deal with all this in detail with academic references in my book <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2022/06/sodom-books.html" target="_blank">The Location of Sodom </a>. I will repeat some of this research here.<br /><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">My Interest in Sodom <br /></h2><br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="rumble" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://rumble.com/embed/v3pcb7m/?pub=17mp4x" width="640"></iframe>
<p>Video Introduction</p><p> </p><p>For those who may not know there are two views among conservative Christians for the <i>Location of Sodom</i>. The Southern Sodom Theory (SST) promoted by Dr. Bryant Wood, retired director of ABR, and the Northern Sodom Theory (NST) promoted by Dr. Steven Collins, Trinity Southwest University and Veritas International University. In the larger debate over minimalist VS maximalist, they are both maximalist and friends, but differ over their archaeological conclusions. I was mentored by Dr. Bryant Wood in the late 1970's when studying Archaeology at Tyndale University in Ontario Canada when Dr. Wood was studying archaeology at the University of Toronto. At the time, I wrote a paper on Sodom and Gomorrah for my course and Dr Wood was most helpful and gracious in sharing his articles in <i>Bible and Spade</i> magazine (Associated for Biblical Research) about his belief that Bab eh-Dhra (BeD) was Sodom. I got an A- on my paper thanks to his mentor-ship. </p><p>Then the year I was to excavate with Dr. Wood at Khirbet el-Maqatir (2005), the excavation was canceled due to conflicts in the region, and discovered that some of my friends were excavating at Tall el-Hammam in Jordan instead, so I signed up, not knowing at the time that it was a candidate for Sodom. Following 10 of the 15 seasons excavating at Hammam I changed my mind on the location of Sodom based on the overwhelming archaeological evidence, that Tall el-Hammam is Sodom and that the Cities of the Plain are indeed on the North End of the Dead Sea based on the biblical text. The key factor is the date of the destruction and <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/10/the-date-of-patriarchs-sodom-debate.html" target="_blank">date of the Patriarchs</a> that I did not fully understand as a undergraduate, having just begin my archaeology career. So hearing both sides of the debate, I began on a quest to research the actual data published on all the sites and not just accept the claims of Dr. Wood and Dr. Collins, whom I deeply respect. I was also teaching a course at Liberty University on Biblical Archaeology and required students to write a paper comparing the arguments for both sites, and began seeing students embrace arguments not supported by the evidence (common when people do their research on the internet). As a result I wrote my book on the <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2022/06/sodom-books.html" target="_blank">Location of Sodom </a>to present the facts as they are published and known. I also wrote several <a href="https://aberdeen.academia.edu/DavidGravesPhD/Papers" target="_blank">peer reviewed articles on Tall el-Hammam</a>.<br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">My Critique of the Kramer "Sulfur Balls" video</h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">Things in common with Kramer</span></h3><p style="text-align: left;">First, there a many things that <a href="https://shepherds.edu/faculty-and-staff/joel-kramer/" target="_blank">Joel P. Kramer</a> and I share in common.</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>We are both Christian archaeologists.</li><li>We both believe the biblical account is historically true (maximalists). </li><li>We have both worked at Khirbet el-Maqatir.</li><li>We are both on the <a href="https://biblearchaeology.org/associatesabr" target="_blank">staff of ABR</a> with many common friends on staff.</li><li>We both know Dr. Bryant Wood. <br /></li><li>We have both published in <i>Bible and Spade</i> magazine.</li><li>We have both worked in archaeology in Jordan.</li><li>We both know Dr. Shimon Gibson. </li><li>We both have taken Christians on tours of Jordan and Israel. <br /></li><li>We share a passion for good graphics.<br /></li></ol><p style="text-align: left;">So, I am here on my blog not to "bash" Joel Kramer, but to honestly, objectively, and scientifically examine his claims and conclusions without malice in the spirit of good scholarship (not something to easily reflect on FB or Twitter).<br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">False or Misleading Conclusions made in the Video</span><br /></h3><p>Now let us examine the claims that Mr. Kramer make in his well photographed video. And I honestly mean this, the video is well done cinematography. This is his specialty and gives a good visual of the sites of Bab edh-Dhra and Numeira. However, a good video does not mean that the conclusions are good. The video is filled with inaccurate information and misleading conclusions. Let me explain.<br /></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">Claims Patriarchs lived in the EBA.</span></h4><p>This is perhaps the most important claim that destroys the claim of BeD being Sodom. Kramer claims that Abraham and Lot lived in the "Early Bronze Age" (EBA 3300-2100 BC). However, he does not provide any dates or justification to verify his claim (he make a case for the problems with the carbon dating in his interview). According to the published material made by Rast and Schaub, who excavated Bâb edh-Dhrâ, the destruction date of Bab edh-Dhra is ca. 2350 BC <span style="font-size: x-small;">[1] </span>and Numeria is 2000 BC and that is based on the pottery and carbon 14 dating of organic material. So there is no argument that BeD was destroyed in the EBA (2350 BC in his interview he cherry picks the earlier dates of Albright and Pratt but Albright did not excavate the site and Pratt was the preliminary work done there before Rast and Schaub), however, the question is when did Abraham and Lot (Patriarchs) live?<br /></p><p>This needs to be expanded for the layman. All Christian scholar, including Dr. Wood (whom Kramer is supporting and I respect), believe that the patriarchs lived in the Middle Bronze Age 2166–1991 BC (MB I or called Intermediate Bronze, Wood's dates). Wood claims that the date for the destruction of Sodom is ca. 2070 BC based on a 1446 BC date for the Exodus which places it in the Middle Bronze age not the Early Bronze Age.<span style="font-size: x-small;">[2] </span>Note that this is a 220 year difference from the date of the Patriarchs and destruction of BeD which Dr. Wood acknowledges, while Kramer does not.<br /></p><p>Note that Christian scholars debate the date of the Patriarchs, but very few serious scholars argue that they lived in the EBA (3300-2100 BC). For details see my previous post on the <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/10/the-date-of-patriarchs-sodom-debate.html" target="_blank">Date of the Patriarchs</a>. where I lay out the charts of each scholar and their dates. This does not mean that the biblical account is not true, but that the evidence is blurry this early in human history and cannot be claimed as a fact but debated, which is OK in the quest for the truth. The fact that each conservative scholar have their own dates for these early periods proves that this is not a settled fact. The Bible does not give exact dates and must be calculated from clues in the text, thus the various dates.<br /></p><p>Point is that most Christian archaeologists (including Dr. Wood) believe that the Patriarchs lived in the Middle Bronze age (2166-1991 BC) not the Early Bronze Age (3300-2100 BC). Note: that each scholar has a slightly different date by 50-100 years because of the uncertainty of the dates that are not absolute, but relatively subjective. So lets agree that the Patriarchs lived in the Middle Bronze age based on the cultural indicators in the biblical text compared with cultural indicators in ancient texts (Ebla, Mari, etc).<br /></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">Claims that Rast and Schaub believed it was Sodom</span><br /></h4><p>Kramer reads from Rast and Schaub giving the impression that they believed that Bâb edh-Dhrâʿ is Sodom. However, Lapp, Schaub, and Rast have never affirmed that Bâb edh-Dhrâʿ is biblical Sodom in the same historical sense as Wood or other Christians (including Kramer or I) believe. They believed that the destruction of these southern cities laid the foundation for the stories found in the Bible.They would say the same thing about Tall el-Hammam bring Sodom.<br /></p><p>The <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2022/06/sodom-books.html" target="_blank">Location of Sodom </a>: FACT 6: RAST AND SCHAUB DID NOT BELIEVE THAT BED WAS SODOM Rast, who excavated BeD, in fact believed that: <br /></p><blockquote><p>Sodom was a fictional place name to begin with, that a city by this name never existed, and that the name came into being as an element in a local story or tale stressing a destruction severe enough to account for the startling physiography of the Dead Sea region.<span style="font-size: x-small;">[3]</span><br /></p></blockquote><div><h4 style="text-align: left;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTr6MXfmDeOj0kLIZgbyhtihE5fk2kbckEksNX2ULgzIYUMcDZ6m15TBYuWiqFexBtZnSQPl81s2B-_u7zLjVODUDM9m-azhX2UrI1EpIAUdUQ7ApmIxJyS1BcjSKRzZ4ZMZ-shc_8TzvYPpZ2fzIxfobN0ItAomNqYW60cfebh-XxzcghsA/s1654/ChanelHouse.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="1654" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTr6MXfmDeOj0kLIZgbyhtihE5fk2kbckEksNX2ULgzIYUMcDZ6m15TBYuWiqFexBtZnSQPl81s2B-_u7zLjVODUDM9m-azhX2UrI1EpIAUdUQ7ApmIxJyS1BcjSKRzZ4ZMZ-shc_8TzvYPpZ2fzIxfobN0ItAomNqYW60cfebh-XxzcghsA/s320/ChanelHouse.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I am standing at the other end of this charnel <br />house (grave house) at Bab edh-Dhra.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="color: #ffa400;">Burn layer over graves in a cemetery</span></h4><p>No doubt that there is a large cemetery at Bab edh-Dhra, and that some of it was burned. My issue is how he treats the evidence or does not mention the facts.</p><p>First, there are different periods to the cemetery and different types of graves. There are shaft tombs that date to an earlier period (EB IA)<span style="font-size: x-small;">[7]</span> and charnel "mudbrick" houses (see the photo where I am standing at one end) that date to the same destruction as the city complex (EB III). Charnel houses looks like a house/residence (explains why they were possibly burned by an enemy, with burning arrows landing on the roof) where they placed many bodies once they had decomposed. There have been many scientific reports done on the cemetery at Bab edh-Dhra (all referenced in my book). Also, note that the large number of bodies (half million) in the cemetery does not support the size of the city and so the theory has been published that the Bedouin brought their dead there to bury their relatives. If this was Sodom the bodies would have been in the debris of the city structures and not the cemetery. <b>Note:</b> charred human remains at BeD were only found in the cemetery and not the city. <span style="font-size: x-small;">[8]</span> No human remains were reported in the archaeological reports for the residence of Bab edh-Dhra.</p><p>Kramer posits the question "why would armies burn the cemetery". The answer is quite simple, because they looked like residential houses. The assyrians had come through the region and attacked the cities in around the Dead Sea (Chedorlaomer or Kedorlaomer, king of Elam Gen 14:10).<br /></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">Bones in the surface finds </span></h4><p style="text-align: left;">Now
there is no doubt that Kramer picked up bones from the ground at BeD, but the question is
where were they actually excavated. Rast and Schaub document that it was only in the cemetery. Finding bones on the surface of the
ground walking around does not mean anythings. Local dog (lots of them around when I was there) could have dug
them up and brought them to the surface and moved them around the site.
As an archaeologist, Kramer should know that these finds need to be
documented in-situ (he even used this term in his video so he is
familiar with the concept). So lets look at the actual published
excavation reports. Rast and Schaub certainly documented human remains
in the cemetery, but none in the city EB destruction layer. It is certainly
consistent to find bones in a cemetery.</p>At
the final destruction of Numeira Coogan reports that: “No human
skeletal remains were found in the ashy debris of the final destruction
in the center of town.”<span style="font-size: x-small;">[5]</span> Human remains were reported in the city tower at Numeira but remember this was a different time than BeD's destruction.<br /><p></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">Assumes that Bab edh-Dhra and Numeira were destroyed at the same time</span><br /></h4><p>False: Kramer does not mention the dates for the destruction of BeD or Numeira, but just assumes that the two sites were destroyed at the same time, but they were not. Bab edh-Dhra and Numeira were destroyed 250 years apart according to the men who excavated both sites.<br /></p><p>The <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2022/06/sodom-books.html" target="_blank">Location of Sodom </a>: FACT 39: BED AND NUMEIRA WERE DESTROYED AT DIFFERENT TIMES Here you will find all the details and footnotes to verify this statement.</p><p>If one is Sodom the other certainly cannot be Gomorrah unless we have more than one accounts in scripture.<br /></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">Shadows and Mirrors: Numeira was never resettled</span></h4><p>True: Kramer claims that Numeira was never lived in again. What he does NOT tell you is that Bab edh-Dhra was destroyed in the EB III and then reoccupied in EB IV. See the <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2022/06/sodom-books.html" target="_blank">Location of Sodom </a>: FACT 38: BED WAS DESTROYED IN THE EB III BUT WAS REOCCUPIED IN EB IV</p><h4 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #ffa400;">Claims Sulfur ball sank in the Dead Sea</span></h4><p>"Sinking down in the Dead Sea and preserved" Makes no sense. Also he claims in his interview with McDowell that they are "unique to the Dead Sea". This is just wrong.</p><p>Sulfur balls are created by the combination of salt water and Gypsum (and other minerals) from the Dead Sea but many other places on earth. </p><p>Besides those geological settings, native sulfur balls have also been
discovered in a unique occurrence of supraglacial sulfur springs in the
eastern Krieger Mountains, on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canadian High
Arctica. Native sulfur balls appears as rounded concretions in many areas, for
example Mt. Ruapehu in New Zealand (Giggenbach, 1974); Kusatsu-Shirane
Volcano in Yugama crater lake, Japan (Takano and Watanuki, 1990); Poa´s
Volcano in central Costa Rica (Rowe et al., 1992a); Keli Mutu crater
lakes in Flores, Indonesia (Pasternack and Varekamp, 1994); and <b>Massada
near the Dead Sea </b>(Torfstein et al., 2008). The native sulfur ball is
formed during the mixing of acidic hydrothermal fluid (which includes
H2S and SO2 gases) and seawater. <span style="font-size: x-small;">[10] </span><br /></p><p>Pointing to sulfur balls in the walls around the Dead Sea that is not dated is just poor science. You need to date it with pottery or some other means (i.e. C14). The existence of sulfur ball which occur around the world proves nothing. It is commonly used by the <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/02/ron-wyatts-pseudo-archaeology.html" target="_blank">Pseudo-archaeologist Ron Wyatt, </a>and am sure you do not want to be counted in his camp, who used sulfur ball to argue it is around Mt. Sidom/Masada on the other side of the Dead Sea in Israel.<br /></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">Claims the Bible say "sulfur rained"</span></h4><blockquote><p style="text-align: left;">The Bible describes it as: "Then the Lord rained on Sodom and Gomorrah <b>brimstone</b> (Heb <i>gā-p̄ə-rît </i>) and fire from the Lord out of heaven, and He overthrew those cities, and all the valley, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and what grew on the ground.." Gen 19:24-25 NASB<br /></p></blockquote>The text in Hebrew uses the word <i>gā-p̄ə-rît </i>(NAS, KJV, INT) and fire. <a href=" https://biblehub.com/hebrew/1614.htm" target="_blank">Strong's Concordance</a> translates it as brimstone. Brown-Driver-Briggs (<i>BDB</i>) describes it as <b>Pitch </b>and then other combustibles, especially sulphur (from Bactrian <i>vohukereti</i>). </div><div> </div><div></div><div>To find sulfur balls around the Dead Sea is common due to the production of the balls from the geology of the regions (salt water and other minerals).</div><div><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">No scientific or archaeological research is mentioned other than Rast and Schaub who did not believe it was historical Sodom</span><br /></h4><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">Alternative explanation that fits the archaeology and geology</span></h2><p>What is noteworthy is that the entire Jordan Valley including Tall el-Hammam was destroyed by <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97778-3" target="_blank">an air burst in the middle bronze age</a>
(BeD had already been destroyed) according to secular archaeological scholars (who have no horse in the race for
Sodom) and called the absence of occupation in the Jordan Valley as "the
Late Bronze gap".<span style="font-size: x-small;">[6] </span>An <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/09/scientific-report-on-destruction-of.html" target="_blank">air burst</a> that has been scientifically proven to be the destruction of the Jordan Valley in the Middle Bronze Age (secular archaeologist call it the late bronze gap). <span style="font-size: x-small;">[7] NOTE: I do not see this as an explaining away the biblical account as naturally occurring, but that God uses his creation (means) to bring about his purposes.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span style="font-size: small;">An air burst would have also sprayed salt (documented from sample taken after the MB destruction at TeH had toxic levels of salt)<span style="font-size: x-small;">[11]</span> and even perhaps sulfur balls around the Dead Sea region.</span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">Interview by Kramer on Bab edh-Dhra as Sodom</span></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">His <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LKsjjD0zRg" target="_blank">interview with Sean McDowell</a> is filled with facts but also fiction. He just regergitates the material that Dr. Bryant Wood proposed in the late 1970's. I know because Dr. Wood was my mentor for my paper on Sodom and Gomorah, in 1979. Note
that there is no mention that Tall el-Hammam, Jordan (North End of Dead
Sea) was excavated in the last 15 years which has also been argued
strongly as Sodom (See <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2020/01/harvest-handbook-of-bible-lands-released.html" target="_blank">The Handbook of the Holy Land</a>). One does not need to agree that TeH is Sodom but at least mention it as a candidate by other Christian archaeologists.<br /></span></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijmx5CdjoB7210Aoa-THcsTGYyjS8VuWW5L0XLP2lgxPdcXo2Hw3fKhrI1Dxpc07Z3p14v26Gkf-J1lZpVUWnoYAhKY7cUyYXIwHx1u-whIsDL14z0QwV5Oe1JUT3J9BMug1gkiVWdWWG7eJ_NkXCKB2-Zsb56DaQsrdioZh67r4LarIRaug/s1892/FeifaPlan2011.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1892" data-original-width="1654" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijmx5CdjoB7210Aoa-THcsTGYyjS8VuWW5L0XLP2lgxPdcXo2Hw3fKhrI1Dxpc07Z3p14v26Gkf-J1lZpVUWnoYAhKY7cUyYXIwHx1u-whIsDL14z0QwV5Oe1JUT3J9BMug1gkiVWdWWG7eJ_NkXCKB2-Zsb56DaQsrdioZh67r4LarIRaug/s320/FeifaPlan2011.jpg" width="280" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Site plan for the EBI and IAII remains at Feifa (or Fifa).<br />Used with permission of Hugh Barnes, The Follow the Pots Project</span>.</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Excavation of Feifa</span></span></h3><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kramer's claims that Feifa,</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> discovered in 1973</span></span>, has never been excavated, which is wrong. So what do we know?<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Feifa </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">(also Fifa, Feifeh, or Fifah) </span></span>was excavated by Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">in </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dec 1989- Jan 1990</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">.<span style="font-size: x-small;">[9] </span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Excavated again in 2001 by Dr. Mohammed Najjar, department of Antiquities, Jordan in the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">second salvage season. Najjar spent 2 weeks and excavated about 50 tombs. <br /></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The profile of the site is Neolithic, EB IA cemetery,<span style="font-size: x-small;">[12]</span> IAII fortress built over the EB cemetery. Town site initially identified as EB but is actually IAII,<span style="font-size: x-small;">[13]</span> Nabatean, Roman, Byzantine, & Mamluk. Van Hattem’s indication of EB III is mistaken.<span style="font-size: x-small;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">It was found that there were no EB III/IV (3000–2350 BC) residential structures at Feifa, but only IA1 (1200–1000 BC much later) structures. If Feifa is one of the cities of the plain it must have been destroyed at the same time as Bab edh-Dhra around 2350 BC (EB III). So Kramer is claiming that one of the cities of the plain which was merely a cemetery with no occupation, is one of the cities of the plain. The Bible describes destruction that would place bodies from that time period in the destruction layer (published archaeology and not surface finds), not in cemeteries, and certainly not in a city that did not exist at this time period. </span></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Khirbet al-Kanazar </span></span></h3><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Khirbet al-Kanazar was discovered in 1973 by MacDonald and identified as site 141 in the survey of the southern Ghor. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Burton MacDonald and Nancy Lapp. It was e</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">xcavated in Dec 1989- Jan 1990 </span></span>by Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub. Then again by </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Meredith S.</span></span>Chesson, The profile of Khirbet al-Kanazar is EB I cemetery,<span style="font-size: x-small;">[15] </span> EB IV cemetery with no domestic occupation. IA , IA II , Rom. Van Hattem’s claimed that there was EB III remains but this was mistaken. The walls which Rast and Schaub identified in 1973<span style="font-size: x-small;">[16] </span>were in reality charnel houses marking EB IV shaft tombs. <span style="font-size: x-small;">[17]</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Initially Dr. Bryant Wood claimed that Kanazar was Sodom.<span style="font-size: x-small;">[20] </span>In his later article Dr. Bryant Wood, whom Kramer is following, acknowledges that the evidence at Khanazir and Feifa (excavated between 16 December 1989 and 13 January 1990) revealed no identifiable settlements, with ONLY the cemetery evident. Wood states “At Khanazir, walls observed by Rast and Schaub in 1973 were in reality rectangular structures marking Early Bronze IV shaft tombs.”<span style="font-size: x-small;">[21]</span> Wood changed his opinion on Khanazir to connect it with either Zeboiim or Admah, and identified Bâb edh-Dhrâʿ and Numeira as Sodom and Gomorrah. However, the evidence does not follow as the site is merely a cemetery as he acknowldges in his report.<br /></span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">BeD was resettled after its destruction in EB IV. <br /></span></span></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kramer claims that Sodom was never resettled based on (Jeremiah 50:39–40). Assuming that this is true, which one does not need to hold from the reading of the text (other cities were cursed and then resettled in the future), then BeD cannot be Sodom, because it was resettled in the EBIV period after its destruction in 2350 BC (EBIII). </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Initially, in 1981, Rast and Schaub thought that “the EB IV peoples chose areas away from the town for settlement” <span style="font-size: x-small;">[22] </span>following the destruction of BeD at the end of the EBIII period. But new evidence, reported in their 1981 excavation reports, overturned this belief:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">A number of pits cut in the area also belonged to the EBIV settlement. This is the first clear evidence within the city of an EBIV usage following the destruction in EBIII necessitating a change in the previous view. Several excellent groups of EBIV pottery came from these loci. <span style="font-size: x-small;">[26]</span><br /></span></span></blockquote><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">This is no small point based on Kramers argument that Sodom must be destroyed never to be occupied and BeD does not meet his own criteria. So if he must hold to his argument that it must never have been reoccuped then this clearly rules out BeD.</span></span> <br /></span></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bab edh-Dhra is not the established site for Sodom</span></span></h3><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wrong. Only Dr. Bryant Wood and a few folk at ABR (where I am also on staff) claim that BeD is Sodom (see Eric Cline quote at the bottom of this post). Albright who discovered the site of Bab edh-Dhra did not believe it was Sodom because it dated to the EB period (knew this even before it was confirmed by excavations from surface finds) and he knew that the Patriarchs lived in the Middle Bronze period. It was the best candidate for Sodom prior to the excavation of TeH which is a much stronger condidate becasue it was destroyed in the MB period <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/10/the-date-of-patriarchs-sodom-debate.html" target="_blank">when the patriarchs lived</a>.<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The view that Bab edh-Dhra is Sodom was put forth by Dr. Bryant Woods in the 1970's and I was mentored by him at the time in Toronto while writing my paper on Sodom and Gomorah in my undergrad archaeology course and believed at the time that it was Sodom for many of the same reason that Kramer uses. Upon further investigation and the excavations at Tall el-Hammam I have changed my mind based on the strong evidence.<br /></span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Es-Safi (his Zoar) is right in the middle of the other cities</span></span></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">That the cemetery at es-Safi (his Zoar) after its destruction continues to be used while the other cemteries are not is not true from the archaeological evidence.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Furthermore the location of Zoar has been debated and none have been confirmed as Zoar from the archaeological remains.<br /> </span></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">These sites for Citise of the Plain are not debated by scholars: wrong</span></span></h3><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Just plain wrong and this post and many many other scholars claim that Tall el-Hammam is a candidate (at least) for Sodom. So to say that there is not debate by scholars is not only wrong but flat out a lie that misleads the public and especially Christians. And I know that Kramer knows about Tall el-Hammam because we have published in the same magazine and belong to the same organization, ABR.<br /></span></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">BeD is the largest site in the southern Dead Sea</span></span></h3><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Yes, but not in the Jordan valley. Even in the EB period Tall el-Hammam is 62 Acres, while BeD is only 10. In the MB period TeH is still 62 acres but BeD is non-existent.The TeH is destroyed along with all the cities in the Jordan Valley. Secular archaologists call it the "Late Bronze Gap." The <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97778-3" target="_blank">air burst event </a>has been scientifaclly documented as the cause of the destruction of the cities in the Jordan Valley, and may also explain the destruction of the cemeteries from containing EB bodies in the southern region of the Dead Sea (BeD, Feifa, Kanazar and even Ex-Safi).<br /></span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6qeqXaq_cW61eems8uzsMJEZDLmbST12gXIm6SRtRVy2m6y_C3nNDSmo099BNOeOviH2dBA96iJ5HEar-VZJWdHIIefIG6q1CPoGmiWJz03_HF9ix1O72cCvuGlqZywn8m00x1N7zdibJYfVYaFQYGwm8G0DTnX2pDakdhsiq6otKAjD66A/s4961/Figure10%20Hammam%20Mt%20Nebo.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3306" data-original-width="4961" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6qeqXaq_cW61eems8uzsMJEZDLmbST12gXIm6SRtRVy2m6y_C3nNDSmo099BNOeOviH2dBA96iJ5HEar-VZJWdHIIefIG6q1CPoGmiWJz03_HF9ix1O72cCvuGlqZywn8m00x1N7zdibJYfVYaFQYGwm8G0DTnX2pDakdhsiq6otKAjD66A/s320/Figure10%20Hammam%20Mt%20Nebo.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tall el-Hammam (candidate for Sodm) from Mt Nebo</span>.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Zoar on the Madaba map </span></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">First, the Madaba map dates to the 6th cent. AD (AD 542 - 570) which is Byzantine tradition and Egeria (Spanish Pilgrim AD 381–84) who predates the Madaba map by almost 200 years traveled through the region and spoke to the Bishop of Sodom to then climb Mt Nebo where she describes seeing "The Land of the Sodomites" from that location. </span></span><span style="color: black;"> Egeria, <i>The Pilgrimage of Etheria, </i>20, 23–24.</span><br /><span style="color: black;"></span></p><p>What is indisputable is that the southern end of the Dead Sea is not visible from Mt. Nebo. One can only see the top end of the Dead Sea and Tall el-Hammam from this location. <br /></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">I have published that <a href="https://www.academia.edu/6962857/Identification_of_Tall_El_Hammam_on_the_Madaba_Map" target="_blank">Tall el-Hammam is represented on the Madaba Map</a> and while in the Byzantine period it would have been <a href="https://www.academia.edu/6962772/Re_Examination_of_the_Location_for_the_Ancient_City_of_Livias" target="_blank">identified as Livias</a>, however, the name that was eroded on the map may well have read Sodom as it was a map of holy sites and Livias was not a holy site, and Egeria acknowleged a Bishop of Sodom.</span></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">Critique of Tall el-Hammam</span></span></h4><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">He does not mention this site in his video but in the interview he does mention it. His concerns are:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;"> He said the they would have gone into these sites and excavated them if they were believed to be Sodom, Well Tall el-Hammam was mined and Kay Prag could only do a small square there until it was demined and Dr. Steven Collins could safely excavate it from 2005 until today 2022. <br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">Then he claims that Tall el-Hammam cannot be Sodom because Sodom is south of Jerusalem (a prophetic text that is not narrative to give georgraphy and ignores the key passage that say it was east of Bethel and Ai and on the <i>Kikkar </i>(Heb Jordan Valley), which it is impossible to see the southern end of the Dead Sea from between Bethel and Ai.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">He also claims that Tall el-Hammam cannot be Sodom and Abel-Shittim. Why not they are in different periods and in the time of Moses (LBA) it was a wasteland when Moses came through because it had been destroyed in the MBA.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">"disqualified from the Bible" Well if you read the test of Gen 10:19; 13:3, 10-12; 14:1-12; Deut 29:22-24; 34:1-3 they all indicate that Sodom was on the north end (Heb <i>Kikkar </i>Jordan valley) of the Dead Sea which many Christian archaeologists and scholars believed before Albright (who did not believe Bab edh-drah</span></span><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;"> was Sodom</span></span>). </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUKiQdbiKz2FaAUgP38KH3x78iri7KoU85qKNEQtXRv6ITIBCiwX7pWDcBxO2_IE899ubMGp6ryHqYRp1vKbragGVCbMFjzOnoII1aoBoP5pMVOGLNpdDYFahwOBuvRL_AfncNtmTUb_9QnL9TVwA74cQE9iqzeC-oS3fAwopHASpidKptHQ/s2500/gate%20reconstruction.tif" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1705" data-original-width="2500" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUKiQdbiKz2FaAUgP38KH3x78iri7KoU85qKNEQtXRv6ITIBCiwX7pWDcBxO2_IE899ubMGp6ryHqYRp1vKbragGVCbMFjzOnoII1aoBoP5pMVOGLNpdDYFahwOBuvRL_AfncNtmTUb_9QnL9TVwA74cQE9iqzeC-oS3fAwopHASpidKptHQ/s320/gate%20reconstruction.tif" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Reconstruction based on the archaeology.</span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;"> "They have excavated a Late Bronze building." and "Iron Age Palace" There was a very small Late Bronze building on the acropolis (perhaps a watch tower) but no residential structures when Moses was there with the people of Israel. There was an Iron Age City from the time of Solomon, correct. But what he fails to mention or misrepresent is that we have excavated a very large Middle Bronze age Palace and city gate that was destroyed and evidenct throughout the city in every square at this time period (MBA the time of the Patriarchs). The research is <a href="https://trinitysouthwest.com/product/tall-al-hammam-excavations-volume-1/" target="_blank">published</a> in <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/search?q=Sodom" target="_blank">many places</a>.<br /></span><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">I and Dr. Scott Stripling personally excavated the Roman bath complex at Tall el-Hammam and his statement is accurate that there is a huge Roman city called Livias. But then draws the conclusion that "You cannot have a Roman city when Jesus is saying your going to become like Sodom and Gomorah." Well what is significant is that Jesus is on the Jordan side (Perea) near Tall el-Hammam when he made the statement and they would have understood the significance of that statement. It was no longer Sodom but Livias had been built on the ruins and that is what made the statement so powerful for those listening. <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/03/preliminary-report-on-tall-al-hammam.html" target="_blank">Publication</a></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">"In the past they would have taken you to these sites" (South end of the Dead Sea). <b>False</b>.These archaeologist would place it on the North end and some even at Tall elHammam. Charles William Wilson (1869); Edward Henry Palmer (1871); Henry Baker Tristram (1873); Selah Merrill (1876, 1881); William F. Birch (1879); Claude Reignier Conder (1879–1883); William M. Thomson (1882–85); George Grove (1884); John Cunningham Geikie (1887); Père Alexis Mallon (1929–1934); and E. Power (1930). They are all quoted and referenced in </span></span><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2022/06/sodom-books.html" target="_blank">The Location of Sodom</a>.</span></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">Dating</span></span></h3><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">Kramer claims that Albright dates BeD to 2067 BC for the destruction of BeD, The problem is that Albright does not believe that this site is Sodom because it is to early for the time of the Patriarchs. Then Kramer claims that Lapp dated the destruction of BeD to 2100 BC. Then Kramer claims that because Carbon dating is not accurate </span></span><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">that the dates of Rast and Schaub (does not say but it is 2350 BC) are not valid</span></span>. He just picks the dates that suits his narrative. Now all must agree that carbon dating must be calibrated and that it can be off but not 350 years. I have personally seen the pottery at the Bab edh-Dhra cemetery as well as the pottery in the British museum from the site and there is no doubt that it is EBA (</span></span><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">ca. 3100–2350 BC</span>) and confirmed by the carbon dating.<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">Wood claims that the date for the destruction of Sodom (BeD) is ca. 2070 BC based on a 1446 BC date for the Exodus.<span style="font-size: x-small;">[27] </span></span></span><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">The date of the destruction of Bab edh-Dhra according to Rast and Schaub is 2350 BC based on the pottery and the carbon 14 dating. <br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;"> “toward the end of the Early Bronze Age–Bâb edh-Dhrâʿ in 2350 BC. But Numeira was simply abandoned about 2600 BC.” So even if one is Sodom the other cannot be Gomorrah.<br /></span></span></p><span style="color: black;">Rast points out that:<br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"></span></p><blockquote><span style="color: black;">Although it is difficult to determine the exact time span of Early Bronze III Bab edh-Dhra, the fact that it had five major building phases would suggest that it lasted over a period of between 300 and 400 years, from ca. 2750 to 2350 B.C. Rast, “Bronze Age Cities along the Dead Sea,” 47.<br /></span></blockquote><p><span style="color: black;">Albright stated that Bâb edh-Dhrâʿ may be one of the “clues or links” which could help to identify the Cities of the Plain, but did not believe that it was Sodom. In Albright’s own words he stated: “It therefore seems highly probable that Bâb edh-Dhrâʿ is a link to the biblical Sodom and Gomorrah. . . . ” (Running and Freedman, <i>William Foxwell Albright: A Twentieth-Century Genius: A Biography of the Acknowledged Dean of Biblical Archaeologists</i>, 119.) but this is not saying that BeD is Sodom. Albright believed that Sodom was in the southern region but now buried under the Dead Sea. Albright stated:<br /></span></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="color: black;">one result of our expedition has been to demonstrate that the site of the Old Testament Zoar was submerged by the rise of the Sea, . . . There is, accordingly, little likelihood that the exact sites of the original Zoar, of Sodom, or of Gomorrah will ever be recovered, but we can probably locate these towns approximately. . . . Since Zoar controlled the Seil el-Qrahi, Sodom, which biblical tradition places next to Zoar, presumably lay on the Seil en-Nmeirah, while Gomorrah may have been in the oasis of the Seil ‘Esal. There is no room here for Admah and Zeboim, which, though allied with Sodom and Gomorrah, were probably situated in the southern part of the Jordan Valley, east of the river, where an Adamah (so, with the same consonants), now Tell ed-Damieh. (Albright, “The Archæological Results of an Expedition to Moab and the Dead Sea,” 8).</span><br /><span style="color: black;"></span></blockquote><p></p><span style="color: #ffa400;"><p><span style="color: black;">Albright believed that Bâb edh-Dhrâʿ could not be Sodom because it was destroyed in the EBA. <br />Albright, “The Jordan Valley in the Bronze Age,” 59.</span></p></span><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #ffa400;">Conclusion</span></h2><p style="text-align: left;">As an archaeologist Kramer has demonstrated very sloppy, if not misleading claims in his video and would encourage him to sharpen his academic skills and research. In an attempt to defend the historical accuracy of the biblical text (which I appreciate) it deserves more accuracy and a fair treatment of the evidence ( even if one does not agree that TeH is Sodom it should at least be mentioned as a serious candidate proposed by other Christian archaeologists). I appreciate his passion and goals, because I share them, but it needs to be based on accurate research and not just a conservative ideological observation of surface finds.</p><p style="text-align: left;">In my excavations and research, Tall el-Hammam is in the right place (<i>Kikkar</i>, or Jordan Valley), with the right stuff (archaeology destruction in MB), at right time (middle Bronze Age destruction), and with the right event (air burst in MB period). </p><p style="text-align: left;">If Kramer had consulted the academic material in my book The <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2022/06/sodom-books.html" target="_blank">Location of Sodom</a>h or even the published dig reports material and represented them accuartely he would have seen that most of his claims that Bab edh-Dhra is Sodom were not supported by the evidence. He can disagree with Tall el-Hammam being Sodom which is fine, but he cannot claim that Bab edh-Dhra is Sodom based on the archaeological evidence, it just does not support his claim even with the manipulation of the evidence.</p><p style="text-align: left;">Let me conclude with this quote from Eric Cline who is currently the Chair of the Department of Classical and Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and Director of the Capitol Archaeological Institute at The George Washington University. As Eric Cline recently admitted in his chapter on “Sodom and Gomorrah”, after assessing the current state of the “southern” evidence:<br /></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: left;">[There] is no longer any particular reason to insist that Bâb edh-Dhrâʿ and Numeira are definitely Sodom and Gomorrah, especially if we wish to have <b>Abraham both as an eyewitness and living in the Middle Bronze Age</b>.. . . . Perhaps it would be wise to <b>untether</b> Sodom and Gomorrah from Bâb edh-Dhrâʿ and Numeira and search elsewhere for them. But where? [Now there is 15 seasons of excavation at Tall el-Hammam and three other cities around TeH that fit the criteria of the right place, right time, right stuff and right event]. Eric H. Cline, <i>From Eden to Exile: Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible </i>(Tampa, Fla.: National Geographic, 2007), 59–60.<br /></p></blockquote><p>_________________ <br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">Footnotes</span></h2><p>1. Schaub, “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ (<i>OEANE</i>),” 1: 249; “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ (<i>The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land</i>),” 1:135–36; Rast, “Bronze Age Cities along the Dead Sea,” 48; “Patterns of Settlement at Bab Edh-Dhraʿ,” 17, 31–34; Chesson, “Libraries of the Dead,” 143 n.1; Rast, “Bronze Age Cities along the Dead Sea,” 47; “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ (<i>Anchor Bible Dictionary</i>),” 1:560; “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ and the Origin of the Sodom Saga,” 194; Chesson and Schaub, “Life in the Earliest Walled Towns,” 247.</p><p>2. Wood, “Discovery of the Sin Cities,” 78; “Locating Sodom: A Critique of the Northern Proposal,” 81. Some SST supporters (Freedman and van Hattem) maintain an early date of
2650–2300 BC for the existence of the Patriarchs (including Abraham and
Lot) which corresponds with the EB III destruction of Bâb edh-Dhrâʿ (see
Fact 37, 38 and Chart 4). However, Wood, who holds to BeD as Sodom, that
saw its major destruction in 2350 BC, argues that the Patriarchs lived
around 2166–1991 BC (MB I or Intermediate Bronze). For those like
Albright, Kitchen, and Collins who take a later Middle Bronze (MB
1950–1550 BC) Age date for the Patriarchs (see Fact 38 and Chart 4), BeD does not exist when Abraham and Lot lived.<br /></p><p>3. Rast, “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ (<i>Anchor Bible Dictionary</i>),” 1:561.</p><p>5. Michael David Coogan. “Numeira 1981.” <i>BASOR </i>255 (Summer 1984): 81.</p><p>6. James W. Flanagan, David W. McCreery, and Khair N. Yassine, “Tell Nimrin: Preliminary Report on the 1993 Season,” <i>ADAJ </i>38 (1994): 207.</p><p>7. The 20,000 shaft tombs were estimated to account for over half a million bodies. Paul W. Lapp, “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ.” <i>Revue Biblique </i>73 (1966): 556–61; aul W. Lapp, “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ Tomb A 76 and Early Bronze I in Palestine.” <i>BASOR </i>189 (1968): 12–41; Paul W. Lapp, “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ.” <i>Revue Biblique </i>73 (1966): 556–61.</p><p>8. Donald J Ortner, “A Preliminary Report on the Human Remains from the Bab Edh-Dhra’ Cemetery,” in <i>The Southeastern Dead Sea Plain Expedition: An Interim Report of the 1977 Season, </i>ed. R. Thomas Schaub and Walter E. Rast, <i>AASOR </i>46 (Boston, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1979), 119–32; Rast, “The Southeastern Dead Sea Valley
Expedition, 1979.” <i>Biblical Archaeologist</i> 43, no. 1 (1980): 60–61.</p><p>9. <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bab Edh-Dhraʿ: Excavations at the Town Site (1975-1981), 15.</span></span> </p><p>10. A. Torfsteinab; I. Gavrielib; A. Katza; Y. Kolodnya; M. Steinb. "Gypsum as a monitor of the paleo-limnological–hydrological conditions in Lake Lisan and the Dead Sea" <i>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</i> Volume 72, Issue 10, 15 May 2008, Pages 2491-2509; Torfstein, Adi, Ittai Gavrieli, and Mordechai Stein. “The Sources and
Evolution of Sulfur in the Hypersaline Lake Lisan (paleo-Dead Sea).”
<i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i> 236 (2005): 61–77.</p><p>11. David E. Graves, ‘Sodom And Salt in Their Ancient Near Eastern Cultural Context’, <i>Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin</i> 61, no. 1 (2): 18–36.</p><p>12. Rast and Schaub, “Survey of the Southeastern Plain of the Dead Sea, 1973,” 11–12, 17; “The 1975-1981 Excavations at Bab Edh-Dhraʿ,” 1; MacDonald, “Southern Ghors and Northeast ’Arabah (<i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East</i>),” 65.</p><p>13. Schaub, “Southeast Dead Sea Plain,” 63; Rast and Schaub, “Survey of the Southeastern Plain of the Dead Sea, 1973,” 11.</p><p>14. <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hattem, “Once Again,” 88.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">15. Rast, “The 1975-1981 Excavations at Bab Edh-Dhraʿ,” 1.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">17. Rast and Schaub, “Survey of the Southeastern Plain of the Dead Sea, 1973,” 12–14.<br /></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">18. de Vries, “Archaeology in Jordan, 1991,” 262; Rast, “Bab Edh-Dhraʿ (<i>Anchor Bible Dictionary</i>),” 560; MacDonald et al., “Southern Ghors and Northeast `Arabah Archaeological Survey 1986,” 406; Schaub, “Southeast Dead Sea Plain,” 62.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">20. Wood, “Discovery of the Sin Cities,” 69.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">21. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wood, “Discovery of the Sin Cities,” 69.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">22. Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub, “A Preliminary Report of Excavations at Bab Edh-Dhraʿ, 1975,” in <i>Preliminary Excavation Reports: Bab Edh-Dhrac, Sardis, Meiron, Tell El-Hesi, Carthage (Punic),</i> ed. David Noel Freedman, <i>AASOR </i>43 (Chicago, Ill.: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1978), 14.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">26. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Walter E. Rast, “Patterns of Settlement at Bab Edh-Dhraʿ.” In <i>The Southeastern Dead Sea Plain Expedition: An Interim Report of the 1977 Season, </i>edited by R. Thomas Schaub and Walter E. Rast, 7–34. <i>AASOR </i>46. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1979. 17.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">27. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"><span style="color: black;">Wood, “Discovery of the Sin Cities,” 78; “Locating Sodom: A Critique of the Northern Proposal,” 81. </span></span></span></span> </span></span> </span></span></span></span></p><p>For a survey of the literature on the Cities in the Southern Dead Seas area see <a href="https://followthepotsproject.org/bibliography/" target="_blank">LINK</a>. </p><p>The full research and footnotes can be found in <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2022/06/sodom-books.html" target="_blank">The Location of Sodom </a>.</p><h2 style="margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><b> </b><a href="https://bibleinteract.com" target="_blank">Bible Interact</a> Podcasts <br /></span></span></span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0px;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://bibleinteract.com/?p=16341" target="_blank">Podcast Interview on Sodom and Salt Part 1</a> September 2023</span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><a href="https://bibleinteract.com/?p=16343" target="_blank">Sodom and Salt Part 2 </a></span></span></span></span><a href="https://bibleinteract.com/?p=16343" target="_blank"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face="">September 2023</span></span></span></span></a></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><b>___________</b></span></span></span></span></p><h3 style="margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Further Research</span></h3><div><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">David E. Graves, “<a href="https://www.academia.edu/31054109/Sodom_And_Salt_in_Their_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Cultural_Context" target="_blank">Sodom And Salt in Their Ancient Near Eastern Cultural Context</a>,” <i>Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin</i> 61 (2016): 18–36.</span></div><div><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></div><p style="margin: 0px;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">For the historic publication of the <i>Scientific Reports</i> in a peer reviewed publication <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/09/scientific-report-on-destruction-of.html" target="_blank">see my Post</a>. </span>Bunch, T. E., <a href="http://nia.ecsu.edu/sp/staff/lecompte/index.html" target="_blank">LeCompte</a>, M.A., Adedeji, A.V. <i>et al.</i> "<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97778-3" target="_blank">A Tunguska sized airburst destroyed Tall el-Hammam a Middle Bronze Age city in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea</a>." <i>Scientific Reports</i> <b>11, no 1 </b>18632 (2021), 1-64. <a href="https://rdcu.be/cykQl" target="_blank">Online article link</a></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0px;">For my response to Gordon Govier's article in <i>Christianity Today</i> see my <a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/2021/09/tall-el-hammam-scientific-report.html" target="_blank">blog post</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/search?q=Sodom" target="_blank">Sodom Research Blog</a> to related articles and links <br /></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""><b> </b></span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""><span face="">_________</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">PhD. Dissertation University of Aberdeen. <a href="https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-ancient-near-eastern-vassal-treaties-on-the-seve" target="_blank"><i>The Influence of Ancient Near Eastern Vassal Treaties on the Seven Prophetic Messages in Revelation</i></a>.<br /></span>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""> </span></span><br /></span>
<br /></div><div><div>For Journal articles and papers see <a href="https://liberty.academia.edu/DavidGraves" id="academia-button" target="_blank"><img class="academia-button-logo" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/social-buttons/logo.gif" /><span class="academia-papers-text">Follow me on Academia.edu</span></a> or <a href="http://works.bepress.com/davide_graves/" target="_blank">Selected Works</a><br /><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://smyrnaean.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">For all books by Dr. David E. Graves</a></div><div> </div></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">For Books see </a><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dr.-David-Elton-Graves/e/B00J74RBH0" target="_blank">Amazon</a> or <a href="http://amazon.com/author/ecmdavidgraves" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://rumble.com/v3xv27y-001-ecm-books-by-dr.-david-e.-graves.html" target="_blank">The ECM Introduction </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAka2H6uaQ" target="_blank">Video </a><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@dr.davide.graves6000" target="_blank"></a></span></span><div><a href="https://rumble.com/c/c-4365176" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Rumble Video Channel</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div></div></div>Updated Feb, 2024 <div> </div>Modified Oct 23, 2023 <p></p></div>Dr. David E. Graveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03057831047095004367noreply@blogger.com0